Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the cohort, overall and according to heart failure (HF) status
| Variables | Overall | HF status | P values for trend | ||
| Group 1 (no HF) | Group 2 (mild HF) | Group 3 (severe HF) | |||
| No | 562 | 154 | 203 | 205 | |
| Age, years | 71.9 (15.0) | 65.2 (15.1) | 73.0 (15.3) | 75.8 (13.0) | <0.001 |
| Male, no (%) | 213 (37.9) | 48 (31.2) | 75 (36.9) | 90 (43.9) | 0.013 |
| Hypertension, no (%) | 419 (75.8) | 97 (63.4) | 163 (81.5) | 159 (79.5) | 0.001 |
| Dyslipidaemia, no (%) | 297 (53.7) | 88 (57.5) | 113 (56.2) | 96 (48.2) | 0.073 |
| Diabetes, no (%) | 170 (30.9) | 29 (19.2) | 60 (29.9) | 81 (40.7) | <0.001 |
| Previous MI, no (%) | 148 (26.7) | 27 (17.6) | 63 (31.3) | 58 (29.0) | 0.026 |
| History of HF, no (%) | 52 (9.4) | 3 (2.0) | 21 (10.4) | 28 (14.0) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 145.7 (29.3) | 148.1 (25.7) | 144.8 (29.7) | 145.0 (31.2) | 0.17 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 82.5 (15.9) | 83.3 (12.5) | 80.9 (16.3) | 83.5 (17.6) | 0.58 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 84.9 (23.8) | 77.1 (21.3) | 84.3 (23.7) | 91.0 (24.1) | <0.001 |
| LVEF (%) | 47.7 (12.2) | 53.7 (8.0) | 50.6 (10.4) | 40.5 (12.7) | <0.001 |
| Signs of congestion at chest X-ray (%) | 262 (46.6) | 0 (0) | 104 (51.2) | 158 (77.1) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.02 (0.85–1.29) | 0.94 (0.82–1.06) | 1.00 (0.84–1.28) | 1.13 (0.91–1.67) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 68.14 (35.88) | 86.5 (40.84) | 66.6 (30.5) | 55.1 (30.3) | <0.001 |
| Baseline BNP (pg/mL) | 251.5 (92–656) | 56.5 (35–90) | 208 (151–293) | 938 (584–1504) | <0.001 |
BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; bpm, beats per minute; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF, heart failure; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MI, myocardial infarction.