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Flow diagram for selecting research subjects. Of the 5676 participants obtained from electronic medical records (EMRs), we excluded individuals who were diagnosed as COPD at first EMR, loss to follow-up, had follow-up time less than 3 months, died because of non-COPD and had missing serum urate date; 1377 participants were eventually eligible for inclusion in the analysis after data cleaning in accordance with the flow diagram. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
