Table 2.
Longitudinal analysis of total intelligence quotient scores between 18 months and 15.5 years of age by atopic dermatitis (AD) status (n = 3086)
| Variable | β coefficient (95% CI) |
|---|---|
| AD status (ref.: never AD) | |
| Maybe | –0.33 (–1.24, 0.57) |
| Definitea | –0.09 (–1.22, 1.03) |
| Sex (ref.: male) | |
| Female | –0.11 (–0.92, 0.71) |
| Gestational age, per 1 week | 0.08 (–0.17, 0.32) |
| Maternal age at birth, per 1 year | 0.17 (0.07–0.28) |
| Highest parental education attainment (ref.: CSE/none)b | |
| Vocational | –1.68 (–4.47, 1.10) |
| O-level/equivalent | 2.97 (0.74–5.20) |
| A-level/equivalent | 6.41 (4.20–8.61) |
| University degree | 13.48 (11.20–15.76) |
| Crowding index (ref.: ≤ 0.5)c | |
| 0.5–0.75 | –1.06 (–1.99, –0.14) |
| 0.75–1 | –3.10 (–4.42, –1.78) |
| > 1 | –1.75 (–4.41, 0.91) |
| Maternal FDSd | –0.27 (–0.42, –0.12) |
| Parental history of atopy (ref.: none)b | |
| Maternal | 1.16 (0.36–1.97) |
| Paternal | 0.44 (–0.37, 1.26) |
| Sleep characteristicse | |
| No. of hours in a 24-h period, per 1 h | –0.11 (–0.46, 0.24) |
| ≥ 1 night-time awakening per night (ref.: < 1 awakening) | 0.03 (–0.81, 0.88) |
Multivariable generalized estimating equation model with general cognition as the dependent variable [measured by Griffiths Mental Development Scales, Extended 0–8 years (GMDS) Development Quotient (DQ) at 18 months of age; Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, UK Revised, Third Edition (WPPSI) Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) at 49 months of age; Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Third Edition (WISC) FSIQ at 102 months of age; and Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, Second Edition, Two-Subtest (WASI) FSIQ at 186 months of age]. AD status was defined as that at 18 months of age. Estimates with a P-value < 0.05 are indicated in bold. CI, confidence interval; CSE, Certificate of Secondary Education; FDS, financial difficulties score. aIncludes the following AD status categories: active/mild, active/moderate–severe. bRecorded during gestation. cCalculated by dividing the number of people living in the home inhabited by the mother and child by the number of rooms (excluding bathrooms), recorded during gestation. dMother’s financial ability to afford lodging, food, heating, clothing and items for the child, recorded during gestation. eSleep variables asked at 18 months of age in reference to the past year.