Appendix 2.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Author | Country | Population | Healthcare professional answering the surprise question | Setting | Total subjects (n) | Total surprise question assessments (n) | Surprise question timeframe | Subject age mean (SD) | Gender M:F |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barnes et al. 18 | United Kingdom | Heart failure, 60 years or older | General practitioners | General practice | 542 | 231 | 12 months | 77 (71–82)** | 121:110**** |
| Moss et al. 21 | United States | Haemodialysis | Nurse practitioners | 3 haemodialysis units | 147 | 147 | 12 months | 66.4 (14.8) | 81:66 |
| Cohen et al. 22 | United States | Haemodialysis | Nephrologists | Haemodialysis unit | 512 (d) | 447 (d) | 6 months | 60 (17) (d) | 254:195 (d) |
| 514 (v) | 427 (v) | 63 (16) (v) | 245:182 (v) | ||||||
| Moss et al. 23 | United States | Breast, lung or colon cancer | Oncologists | Outpatient clinic | 853 | 826 | 12 months | 60 (13) | 126:727 |
| South et al. 24 (a) | United Kingdom | Acute exacerbation COPD | NR | COPD unit | 199 | 199 | 6–12 months | 70 (NR) | 92:107 |
| Fenning et al. 25 | United Kingdom | Acute coronary artery disease | Medical staff | Cardiology ward | 172 | 172 | 6–12 months | 66 (14) | 105:67 |
| Da Silva Gane et al. 26 | United Kingdom | Haemodialysis | Nephrologists and nurses | 3 haemodialysis units | 344 | 344 | 12 months | 71.9 (11.0) (died) 62.2 (15.8) (alive) | 221:123 |
| Pang et al. 27 | Hong Kong | Peritoneal dialysis patients | Nephrologists | Dialysis centre | 367 | 367 | 12 months | 60.2 (12.3) | 205:162 |
| Reilly et al. 28 (a) | United Kingdom | Non-cancer respiratory patients | Pulmonologists | Ward of general hospital | 85 | 85 | 12 months | 68 (NR) | 36:49 |
| Moroni et al. 29 | Italy | Stage IV cancer | General practitioners | General practice | 231 | 231 | 12 months | 70.2 (SE 0.9) | 117:114 |
| Feyi et al. 30 | United Kingdom | End-stage renal disease | Multidisciplinary | 1 dialysis unit | 178 | 178 | 12 months | NR | NR |
| Hamano et al. 31 | Japan | Advanced cancer | Palliative care physicians | 58 palliative care services | 2361 | 2361 | 7 and 30 days | 69.1 (12.8) | 1358:1003 |
| Amro et al. 32 | United States | Haemodialysis | Nephrologists | Dialysis centre | 201 | 201 | 12 months | 71 (65–77)** | 105:96 |
| Maria Carmen et al. 33 (a) | Spain | Haemodialysis | Medical staff | Haemodialysis unit | 49 | 49 | 12 months | NR | NR |
| Gerlach et al. 34 (a) | Germany | Cancer (haemato-oncology) | Physicians | Hemato-oncology outpatient clinic | 828 | 672 | 12 months | NR | NR |
| Stem cell transplantation unit | |||||||||
| Lakin et al. 35 (a) | United States | High risk patients | General practitioners | Academic primary care centre | 1737 | 1737 | 12 months | 65 (NR) | 696:1041 |
| Strout et al. 36 (a) | United States | Emergency department patients with sepsis | Emergency physicians | Emergency department | 330 | 330 | 30 days | 71 (0–97)*** | 182:148 |
| Gómez-Batiste et al. 37 | Spain | Advanced chronic disease | Healthcare professional | Three primary care centres, one general hospital, one intermediate care centre, four nursing homes | 1064 | 1059 | 12 months | 81.3 (11.8) | 378:686 |
| Hadique et al. 38 | United States | Medical ICU patients | ICU physicians | Medical ICU | 500 (d) | 500 (d) | 6 months | 61.1 (17.7) (d) | 257:243 |
| 549 (v) | 543 (v) | 61.1 (16.2) (v) | 296:253 | ||||||
| Lilley et al. 39 | United States | Acute surgical conditions, 65 years or older | Surgical residents and attendings | Emergency general surgery service | 119 | 163* | 12 months | 79.3 (7.9) (SQ+) | 78:85 |
| 73.5 (7.0) (SQ−) | |||||||||
| Moretti et al. 40 | United Kingdom; Italy | Acute coronary artery disease | Medical and nursing staff | Cardiology ward | 629 | 470 | 6–12 months | 67.5 (12.7) | 432:197 |
| Salat et al. 41 | United States | Advanced chronic kidney disease (no dialysis) >60 years | Nephrologists | Outpatient clinic | 488 | 488 | 12 months | 71 (65–77)* | 239:249 |
| Santos Lascasas et al. 42 (a) | Portugal | Dialysis patients, 65 years or older | NR | Dialysis unit | 360 | 360 | 6 months | 76 (NR) | 169:191 |
| Strout et al. 43 (a) | United States | Admitted adult emergency department patients | Emergency physician and inpatient physician | Emergency department | 10,334 | 9923 | 30 days | 67 (18–103)*** | 50.3% female |
| Hospital wards | |||||||||
| Burke et al. 44 | United Kingdom | Children (0–21 years) with life-threatening disease | Multidisciplinary team | Children’s hospice | 327 | 325 (3 m) 306 (12 m) | 3 months and 12 months | 7.7 (5.3) | 185:142 |
| Ebke et al. 45 | Germany | Neurorehabilitation | Neurologists and palliative care physicians | Neurorehabilitation centre | 279 | 236 | 12 months | 63 (14) | 161:118 |
| Faria de Sousa et al. 46 (a) | Portugal | Advanced stages of: cancer, heart failure, kidney disease, COPD | General practitioners | General practice | 209 | 201 | 6 months | 72.6 (12.6) | 113:96 |
| Forzley et al. 47 | Canada | Haemodialysis | Nephrologists | Haemodialysis unit | 374 | 374 | 6 months | 68 (15) | 221:153 |
| Liyanage et al. 48 | Australia | Nursing home residents | Director of Nursings | Nursing home | 187 | 187 | 12 months | 82.4 (9.09) | 83:104 |
| Mitchell et al. 49 | Australia | Patients, 70 years or older | General practitioners | 19 general practices | 4375 | 1525 | 12 months | 79.1 (6.9)** | 1013:512**** |
| Mudge et al. 50 | Australia | Hospital inpatients | Senior nurses and medical staff | Teaching hospital | 524 | 513 | 12 months | 60.2 (18.9) | 276:237**** |
| Ouchi et al. 51 | United States | Emergency department patients, 65 years or older | Emergency physicians | Emergency department | 207 | 207 | 12 months | 75 (7.5) | NR |
| Schmidt et al. 52 | United States | Advanced chronic kidney disease (no dialysis) | Clinicians and nurse practitioners | Outpatient clinics | 749 (d) | 749 (d) 437 (v) | 12 months | 69.3 (14.6) (d) 70.0 (13.3) (v) | 381:368 (d)166:271 (v) |
| 437 (v) | |||||||||
| Tanasiychuk et al. 53 | Israel | Acute Kidney Injury with unscheduled dialysis | Nephrologists | Hospital | 475 | 475 | 6 months | 72.8 (12.2) | 238:192 |
| Aaronson et al. 54 | United States | Heart failure | Emergency physicians | Emergency department | 193 | 193 | 12 months | 74.5 (12.6) | NR |
| Gastelurrutia et al. 55 (a) | Spain | Heart failure | Physicians and nurses | 3 outpatient heart failure clinics | 922 | 922 | 12 months | 69.3 (12.2) | 648:274 |
| Haydar et al. 56 | United States | Emergency department patients, 18 years or older | Emergency physicians | Emergency department | 6122 | 6089 | 30 days | 66 (51–79)** | 3168:2954 |
| Lakin et al. 57 | United States | Chronically ill primary care patients | Primary care physician and nurse care coordinators | Primary care | 1163 | 1163* | 24 months | 70.1 (14.8) | 500:663 |
| Ouchi et al. 58 | United States | Admitted Emergency department patients, 65 years or older | Attending physicians | Emergency department | 10,737 | 16,223* | 30 days | 75.9 (8.8) | 5205:5532 |
| Raubenheimer et al. 59 | South Africa | Admitted to acute medical services | Two trained clinicians | Acute medical services | 822 | 822 | 12 months | 52 (37–67)** | 378:444 |
| Straw et al. 60 | United Kingdom | Decompensated heart failure | Cardiologists. Trainee-grade doctors and heart failure nurses | Cardiology ward | 129 | 114 | 12 months | 71 (14) | 73:41 |
| Tripodoro et al. 61 | Argentina | Cancer | Treating physicians | All patients in 1 centre | 317 | 313 | 12 months | 77 (21–99)*** | 106:211 |
| Veldhoven et al. 62 | The Netherlands | Primary care patients, 75 years or older | Two general practitioners | General practice | 292 | 292 | 12 months | 84 (5.46) | 117:175 |
| Verhoef et al. 63 | The Netherlands | Advanced cancer at emergency department | Attending physicians | Emergency department | 245 | 245 | 12 months | 62 (45–79)** | 118:127 |
| Edge et al. 64 (a) | United States | Metastatic cancer | Oncologists | Outpatient clinic | 1276 (6 m) 655 (12 m) | 1276 (6 m) 655 (12 m) | 6 and 12 months | NR | NR |
| Ernecoff et al. 65 (a) | United States | Advance chronic kidney patients, 60 years or older | Physicians | Outpatient nephrology clinic | 510 | 95 | 12 months | NR | NR |
| Flierman et al. 66 | The Netherlands | Hospital inpatients, 70 years or older | Nurses | Ward of general hospital | 252 | 252 | 12 months | 81.2 (6.56) | 122:130 |
| Ikari et al. 67 | Japan | Metastatic cancer | Physicians | Palliative care unit | 1411 | 1411 | 3 days | 72.6 (12.2) | 716:659 |
| Estifan Kasabji et al. 68 (a) | Spain | Haemodialysis | Nephrologists and nurses | Haemodialysis unit | 180 | 178 | 6–12 months | 69 (14.1) | 124:56 |
| Lai et al. 69 | Taiwan | Peritoneal dialysis patients | Nurses | Haemodialysis unit | 401 | 401 | 12 months | 56.2 (14) | 214:213 |
| Maes et al. 70 | Belgium | Hospital inpatients, 75 years or older: first cohort acute geriatric ward; second cohort cardiac patients | Physicians | Geriatric ward and cardiology ward | 458 | 368 | 6–12 months | NR | 184:195 |
| Rauh et al. 71 | United States | Gynaecological oncology | Attending physicians, ‘physician assistants, nurses’ | Two tertiary centres | 358 | 341 | 12 months | NR | 0:358 |
| Tabernero Huguet et al. 72 (a) | Spain | Patients on respiratory ward | NR | Respiratory ward of hospital | 363 | 361 | 12 months | NR | NR |
| Tak et al. 73 (a) | The Netherlands | Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis | Health care providers | Outpatient clinic | 123 | 123 | 12 months | 74 (63) | 108:15 |
| Valerio and Farinha 75 (a) | Portugal | Haemodialysis | Nephrologists and nurses | Haemodialysis unit | 194 | 194 | 12 months | 69.9 | NR |
| van Wijmen et al. 76 | The Netherlands | General population | General practitioners | General practice | 3640 | 3640 | 12 months | NR | NR |
| Yen et al. 77 | Taiwan | Hospital inpatients | Nurses | Hospital | 23,444 | 21,098 | 6–12 months | 62.8 | 11,230:9879 |
| Ermers et al. 78 | The Netherlands | Cancer | Oncologists | Outpatient clinic | 382 | 379 | 12 months | 59.4 | 211:168 |
| Tripp et al. 74 | United States | COPD patients | Physicians and advanced practice providers | Emergency department (30 days) and general ward of hospital (12 months) | 428 | 381 (30 days) 365 (12 months) | 30 days and 12 months | NR | 210:218 |
(a): abstract or other non-peer reviewed publication; NR: not reported; (d): derivation cohort; (v): validation cohort; SQ+: surprise question answered with ‘no’; SQ−: surprise question answered with ‘yes’.
*
Multiple assessments per patient possible. **Median (IQR). ***Median (range). ****SQ group only.