Table 4.
Association of individual, household, and district level characteristics with inpatient healthcare costs related to the presence of CVDs with or without other chronic disease comorbidities
| Variable | Inpatient costs | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 a Coefficient (n = 114,918) | (95% CI) | Model 2 b Coefficient (n = 114,918) | (95% CI) | Model 3 c Coefficient (n = 114,918) | (95% CI) | |
| Individual level | ||||||
| Group | ||||||
| (1) No CVDs, but with single chronic morbidity | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| (2) No CVDs, but with multimorbidity | 0.39*** | (0.38, 0.40) | 0.38*** | (0.36, 0.39) | 0.38*** | (0.36, 0.39) |
| (3) CVDs, but no comorbidity | 0.18*** | (0.17, 0.20) | 0.18*** | (0.16, 0.19) | 0.18*** | (0.16, 0.20) |
| (4) CVDs and one comorbidity | 0.35*** | (0.33, 0.36) | 0.33*** | (0.31, 0.35) | 0.33*** | (0.31, 0.35) |
| (5) CVDs and multimorbidity | 0.64*** | (0.62, 0.65) | 0.62*** | (0.60, 0.64) | 0.62*** | (0.61, 0.64) |
| Household type | ||||||
| Non-subsidized | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Subsidized | -0.21*** | (-0.23,-0.19) | -0.21*** | (-0.23,-0,19) | -0.21*** | (-0.23, -0.18) |
| Group*Household type | ||||||
| (1)*Subsidized | ||||||
| (2)*Subsidized | -0.08*** | (-0.11, -0.05) | -0.08*** | (-0.10, -0,05) | -0.07*** | (-0.10, -0.05) |
| (3)*Subsidized | -0.09*** | (-0.12, -0.06) | -0.09*** | (-0.12, -0.06) | -0.09*** | (-0.13, -0.06) |
| (4)*Subsidized | -0.12*** | (-0.15, -0.08) | -0.12*** | (-0.15, -0.08) | -0.12*** | (-0.15, -0.08) |
| (5)*Subsidized | -0.12*** | (-0.15, -0.07) | -0.12*** | (-0.15, -0.08) | -0.11*** | (-0.15, -0.07) |
| Household level | ||||||
| Proportions of household members with multimorbidity | - | - | 0.03*** | (0.02, 0.05) | 0.04*** | (0.03, 0.05) |
| The mean number of household members | - | - | -0.01*** | (-0.02,-0.04) | -0.01** | (-0.02, -0.003) |
| District level | ||||||
| Proportion of primary care per 10,000 | - | - | - | - | 0.04*** | (0.03, 0.05) |
| Proportion of hospitals per 10,000 | - | - | - | - | -0.01 | (-0.04, 0.02) |
| % of NHI members who utilized healthcare | - | - | - | - | -0.00 | (-0.12, 0.11) |
| Fiscal category | ||||||
| Low | ||||||
| Middle | - | - | - | - | -0.03*** | (-0.05, -0.02) |
| High | - | - | - | - | -0.07*** | (-0.09, -0.06) |
| Very high | - | - | - | - | -0.11*** | (-0.13, -0.08) |
| Intercept | 6.70 | (6.67, 6.73) | 6.72 | (6.68, 6.74) | 6.72 | (6.66, 6.78) |
| District level’s variance | 0.09 | (0.09, 0.11) | 0.09 | (0.09, 0.11) | 0.11 | (0.10, 0.12) |
| Household level’s variance | 0.34 | (0.33, 0.35) | 0.34 | (0.33, 0.35) | 0.33 | (0.33, 0.35) |
| ICC (district level) | 0.02 | (0.01, 0.02) | 0.02 | (0.01, 0.02) | 0.02 | (0.02, 0.03) |
| ICC (household level) | 0.21 | (0.19, 0.22) | 0.21 | (0.20, 0.22) | 0.21 | (0.20, 0.22) |
| Likelihood ratio test (LR) | 2,741.55 | 2,726.31 | 2,713.98 | |||
All models adjusted with sex, age, marital status, type of primary healthcare centres registered, and regions
a Model 1 Multilevel linear regression with transform outcome, cross-level between individual and controls for individual-level covariates
b Model 2 Multilevel linear regression with transform outcome and controls for individual and household covariates
c Model3 Multilevel linear regression with transform outcome and controls for individual, household, and district covariates
Coefficient is transformed using an inversed hyperbolic sine transformation (sinh −1, IHS). To retransform β coefficient to U.S. dollar (USD) cost value (x) = (exp2x−1)/(2expx). P-value statistically significant at 1 percent (***), 5 percent (**) or 10 percent (*) of the confidence intervals