Table 2.
Mean prevalence of GDM by several moderator variables for studies using two-step screening strategy
| K | N | Prevalence | 95% CI | QB [df] | Qw [df] | I2 (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnostic criteria used | |||||||
| 1 Carpenter-Coustan | 8 | 266,080 | 8.1% | 6.3–10.4 | 24.4 [3]* | 889.03 [7]* | 99.2 |
| 2 NDDG | 11 | 402,180 | 3.6% | 2.9–4.5 | 1170.28 [10]* | 99.1 | |
| 3 O’Sullivan & Mahan | 2 | 1,806 | 7.6% | 4.4–12.7 | 2.62 [1] | 61.8 | |
| 4 Canada (1998) | 5 | 844,773 | 5.2% | 3.7–7.1 | 4330.44 [4]* | 99.9 | |
| Country | |||||||
| Canada | 8 | 1,054,163 | 4.7% | 3.4–6.3 | 0.86 [1] | 6749.39 [7]* | 99.9 |
| USA | 18 | 461,126 | 5.5% | 4.5–6.7 | 3070.65 [17]* | 99.4 | |
| Start of data collection period | |||||||
| 1980–1990 | 5 | 45,401 | 4.8% | 3.4–6.6 | 16.62 [3]* | 96.25 [4]* | 95.8 |
| 1991–2001 | 12 | 1,098,324 | 4.0% | 3.3-5.0 | 4,047.43 [11]* | 99.7 | |
| 2002–2012 | 7 | 351,5019 | 7.6% | 5.8–9.9 | 2016.47 [6]* | 99.7 | |
| 2013–2023 | 2 | 20,635 | 8.0% | 4.9–12.9 | 5.11 [1]* | 80.4 | |
| End of data collection period | |||||||
| 1980–1990 | 3 | 14,474 | 4.1% | 2.6–6.3 | 5.58 [3] | 15.74 [2]* | 87.3 |
| 1991–2001 | 6 | 248,912 | 4.1% | 3.1–5.6 | 450.06 [5]* | 98.9 | |
| 2002–2012 | 13 | 1,173,337 | 5.8% | 4.7-7.0 | 5975.99 [12]* | 99.8 | |
| 2013–2023 | 4 | 78,656 | 6.3% | 4.4–8.9 | 1249.69 [3]* | 99.8 | |
| Mean age | |||||||
| < 30 years | 7 | 717,177 | 5.2% | 3.9–7.1 | 4.03 [2] | 1884.32 [6]* | 99.7 |
| > 30 years | 6 | 347,307 | 6.8% | 5.0-9.3 | 2259.15 [5]* | 99.8 | |
| Nulliparous | |||||||
| > 50% | 4 | 311,062 | 6.1% | 4.1–9.2 | 3.73 [2] | 961.48 [3]* | 99.7 |
| < 50% | 6 | 398,690 | 6.6% | 4.7–9.1 | 3,938.94 [5]* | 99.9 | |
| Ethnic mix | |||||||
| > 70% First Nations | 2 | 1,806 | 7.6% | 4.2–13.3 | 2.31 [3] | 2.62 [1] | 61.8 |
| > 70% Caucasian | 2 | 42,004 | 5.2% | 2.9–9.1 | 309.21 [1] | 99.7 | |
| > 70% Hispanic/Latino | 3 | 43,491 | 6.1% | 3.8–9.6 | 258.87 [2] | 99.2 | |
| Mixed or unknown | 19 | 1,428,078 | 4.9% | 4.1–5.9 | 9466.17 [18] | 99.8 | |
| Routine dataset | |||||||
| No | 15 | 156,668 | 6.1% | 4.9–7.5 | 4.78 [1]* | 2506.53 [14]* | 99.4 |
| Yes | 11 | 1,358,711 | 4.3% | 43.4–5.4 | 7455.56 [10]* | 99.9 | |
| Whether women with pre-pregnancy diabetes included in denominator | |||||||
| Included | 5 | 664,660 | 3.9% | 2.7–5.4 | 4.72 [2] | 537.15 [4]* | 99.3 |
| Excluded | 20 | 833,112 | 5.5% | 4.7–6.5 | 6662.83 [19]* | 99.7 | |
| Whether women could be included more than once | |||||||
| Yes | 12 | 1,135,186 | 4.2% | 3.3–5.4 | 6.61 [2]* | 7524.35 [11] * | 99.9 |
| No | 13 | 362,586 | 6.2% | 4.9–7.8 | 1967.39 [12] * | 99.4 | |
# Any two values at or above the following plasma glucose thresholds following 100 g OGTT:
1. Fasting 5.3 mmol/L, 1 h 10.0 mmol/L, 2 h 8.6 mmol/L, 3 h 7.8 mmol/L
2. Fasting 5.8 mmol/L, 1 h 10.6 mmol/L, 2 h 9.2 mmol/L, 3 h 8.1 mmol/L
3. Fasting 5.0 mmol/L, 1 h 9.2 mmol/L, 2 h 8.0 mmol/L, 3 h 7.0 mmol/L
Any two values at or above the following plasma glucose thresholds following 75 g OGTT:
4. Fasting 5.3 mmol/L, 1 h 10.6 mmol/L, 2 h 8.9 mmol/L
5. Fasting 5.1 mmol/L, 1 h 10.0 mmol/L, 2 h 8.5 mmol/L