Table 4.
Modification by Increased Social Contact for Women and Men
| Variable | Model 6—Women (n = 1,213) |
Model 7—Men (n = 867) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | SE | p Value | OR | SE | p Value | |
| No change/increase in in-person social interactions since March 2020 | ref | ref | ||||
| Decline in in-person social interactions since March 2020 | 2.783 | 0.504 | <.001 | 3.926 | 0.888 | <.001 |
| Number of permanent household members | 1.022 | 0.026 | .376 | 1.011 | 0.032 | .716 |
| No change/decrease in virtual social contact since March 2020 | ref | ref | ||||
| Increase in virtual social contact since March 2020 | 2.196 | 0.503 | .001 | 2.144 | 0.615 | .008 |
| Increase in virtual social contact since March 2020 × decline in in-person social interaction since March 2020 | 0.535 | 0.149 | .025 | 0.445 | 0.153 | .019 |
| Age | 1.001 | 0.007 | .854 | 0.992 | 0.009 | .357 |
| No formal education | ref | ref | ||||
| Some primary (1–7 years) | 1.067 | 0.156 | .661 | 1.084 | 0.206 | .671 |
| Some secondary or more (8+ years) | 1.127 | 0.227 | .553 | 0.859 | 0.205 | .525 |
| Not working/retired | ref | ref | ||||
| Employed/home manager | 1.386 | 0.247 | .068 | 0.961 | 0.197 | .846 |
| Currently married or living with partner | ref | ref | ||||
| Never married | 0.623 | 0.192 | .124 | 1.403 | 0.410 | .246 |
| Separated/deserted/divorced | 1.021 | 0.213 | .920 | 1.030 | 0.294 | .916 |
| Widowed | 0.762 | 0.114 | .070 | 0.813 | 0.223 | .449 |
| Number of children | 0.991 | 0.033 | .781 | 0.997 | 0.039 | .937 |
| Wealth Index Q1 (poorest) | ref | ref | ||||
| Q2 | 0.776 | 0.162 | .225 | 1.173 | 0.315 | .552 |
| Q3 | 0.863 | 0.178 | .473 | 1.341 | 0.346 | .255 |
| Q4 | 1.102 | 0.224 | .632 | 1.318 | 0.335 | .276 |
| Wealth Index Q5 (wealthiest) | 0.805 | 0.167 | .295 | 1.219 | 0.318 | .447 |
| No ADLs | ref | ref | ||||
| Has ADLs | 0.803 | 0.258 | .496 | 2.228 | 0.769 | .020 |
| July 2021 | ref | ref | ||||
| August 2021 | 1.539 | 0.434 | .127 | 1.175 | 0.381 | .618 |
| September 2021 | 1.080 | 0.300 | .781 | 1.152 | 0.359 | .651 |
| October 2021 | 1.662 | 0.446 | .058 | 1.261 | 0.381 | .443 |
| November 2021 to March 2022 | 3.564 | 1.179 | <.001 | 1.997 | 0.758 | .068 |
| CES-D score | 1.013 | 0.007 | .057 | 1.000 | 0.009 | .998 |
| No comorbidities | ref | ref | ||||
| At least 1 comorbidity | 1.139 | 0.178 | .405 | 1.501 | 0.271 | .024 |
| Unvaccinated against COVID-19 | ref | ref | ||||
| Vaccinated | 0.980 | 0.127 | .875 | 0.993 | 0.162 | .964 |
Notes: ADL = activities of daily living; CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale; OR = odds ratio; Q = quintile; ref = reference; SE = standard error.
Bold indicates significance at the .05 alpha level.