Table 3.
Incidence rates of clinical sequelae of chronic liver disease patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in 2022 and matched controls in the acute and post-acute phases of infection
|
Outcomes
|
Acute phase of infection (within 21 d)
|
Post-acute phase of infection (beyond 21 d)
|
||||||||||||||||
|
COVID-19 patients in 2022 (n = 52391)
|
Control (n = 52391)
|
COVID-19 patients in 2022 vs control
|
COVID-19 patients in 2022 (n = 47986)
|
|||||||||||||||
|
Cumulative incidence
|
Crude incidence rate (Events/10000 person-yr)
|
Cumulative incidence
|
Crude incidence rate (Events/10000 person-yr)
|
Cumulative incidence
|
Crude incidence rate (Events/10000 person-yr)
|
|||||||||||||
|
New events
|
Rate
|
Estimate
|
95%CI
|
Person-yr
|
New events
|
Rate
|
Estimate
|
95%CI
|
Person-yr
|
IRR1
|
95%CI
|
P value
|
New events
|
Rate
|
Estimate
|
95%CI
|
Person-yr
|
|
| HCC | 30 | 0.06 | 107.9 | (72.8, 154.0) | 2781 | 16 | 0.03 | 57.1 | (32.6, 92.8) | 2,801 | 1.89a | (1.03, 3.47) | 0.04 | 151 | 0.32 | 66.2 | (56.1, 77.7) | 22,797 |
| All-cause mortality | 764 | 1.46 | 2683.7 | (2496.7, 2880.9) | 2847 | 109 | 0.21 | 380.1 | (312.1, 458.5) | 2868 | 7.06b | (5.78, 8.63) | < 0.001 | 854 | 1.78 | 365.6 | (341.5, 391.0) | 23356 |
| Adverse hepatic outcomes | 1180 | 2.39 | 4469.6 | (4218.2, 4732.1) | 2640 | 607 | 1.23 | 2259.6 | (2083.4, 2446.7) | 2686 | 1.98b | (1.79, 2.18) | < 0.001 | 895 | 1.99 | 415 | (388.3, 443.1) | 21564 |
| Cirrhosis | 1260 | 2.49 | 4676.2 | (4421.6, 4941.8) | 2694 | 683 | 1.35 | 2490 | (2306.7, 2683.9) | 2743 | 1.88b | (1.71, 2.06) | < 0.001 | 900 | 1.96 | 409.6 | (383.2, 437.2) | 21974 |
| Liver decompensation hepatorenal syndrome | 20 | 0.04 | 70.5 | (43.1, 108.9) | 2837 | 6 | 0.01 | 21 | (7.7, 45.7) | 2859 | 3.36b | (1.35, 8.36) | 0.009 | 54 | 0.11 | 23.2 | (17.4, 30.3) | 23278 |
| Liver failure | 14 | 0.00% | 49.5 | (27.0, 83.0) | 2831 | 4 | 0.01 | 14 | (3.8, 35.9) | 2852 | 3.53a | (1.16, 10.71) | 0.03 | 43 | 0.09 | 18.5 | (13.4, 24.9) | 23217 |
| Hepatic coma/encephalopathy | 8 | 0.02 | 28.2 | (12.2, 55.6) | 2835 | 6 | 0.01 | 21 | (7.7, 45.7) | 2856 | 1.34 | (0.47, 3.87) | 0.59 | 38 | 0.08 | 16.3 | (11.6, 22.4) | 23261 |
| Ascites | 22 | 0.04 | 77.9 | (48.8, 117.9) | 2826 | 10 | 0.02 | 35.1 | (16.8, 64.6) | 2847 | 2.22a | (1.05, 4.68) | 0.04 | 82 | 0.17 | 35.4 | (28.1, 43.9) | 23176 |
| Variceal bleeding | 37 | 0.07 | 132.5 | (93.3, 182.6) | 2793 | 12 | 0.02 | 42.6 | (22.0, 74.5) | 2,815 | 3.11b | (1.62, 5.96) | < 0.001 | 85 | 0.18 | 37.1 | (29.7, 45.9) | 22898 |
| Curative treatment to HCC | 9 | 0.02 | 32.3 | (14.8, 61.3) | 2786 | 16 | 0.03 | 57 | (32.6, 92.6) | 2807 | 0.57 | (0.25, 1.28) | 0.17 | 93 | 0.2 | 40.7 | (32.9, 49.9) | 22,828 |
| Hepatic resection | 4 | 0.01 | 14.2 | (3.9, 36.4) | 2815 | 10 | 0.02 | 35.3 | (16.9, 64.8) | 2836 | 0.4 | (0.13, 1.28) | 0.12 | 64 | 0.13 | 27.7 | (21.4, 35.4) | 23072 |
| Liver transplantation | 3 | 0.01 | 10.6 | (2.2, 30.9) | 2835 | 1 | 0 | 3.5 | (0.1, 19.5) | 2856 | NA | NA | NA | 6 | 0.01 | 2.6 | (0.9, 5.6) | 23268 |
| Radiofrequency ablation of liver | 2 | 0 | 7.1 | (0.9, 25.6) | 2822 | 5 | 0.01 | 17.6 | (5.7, 41.0) | 2,843 | 0.4 | (0.08, 2.08) | 0.28 | 41 | 0.09 | 17.7 | (12.7, 24.0) | 23137 |
| Non-curative treatment to HCC | 37 | 0.07 | 136.1 | (95.8, 187.6) | 2719 | 30 | 0.06 | 109.6 | (73.9, 156.4) | 2738 | 1.24 | (0.77, 2.01) | 0.38 | 289 | 0.63 | 129.5 | (115.0, 145.4) | 22309 |
| Transarterial chemoembolization | 9 | 0.02 | 31.9 | (14.6, 60.6) | 2817 | 11 | 0.02 | 38.8 | (19.4, 69.4) | 2837 | 0.82 | (0.34, 1.99) | 0.67 | 64 | 0.13 | 27.7 | (21.3, 35.4) | 23096 |
| Radiotherapy to liver | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA | 2845 | 1 | 0 | 3.5 | (0.1, 19.4) | 2866 | NA | (0.00, 0.00) | NA | 3 | 0.01 | 1.3 | (0.3, 3.8) | 23338 |
| Systemic chemotherapy or immunotherapy | 28 | 0.06 | 102 | (67.8, 147.5) | 2744 | 21 | 0.04 | 76 | (47.0, 116.2) | 2763 | 1.34 | (0.76, 2.36) | 0.31 | 261 | 0.56 | 115.9 | (102.2, 130.8) | 22527 |
| Palliative care | 221 | 0.44 | 805 | (702.3, 918.4) | 2745 | 50 | 0.1 | 180.5 | (134.0, 238.0) | 2770 | 4.46b | (3.28, 6.06) | < 0.001 | 447 | 0.96 | 198.1 | (180.2, 217.3) | 22565 |
1
IRR > 1 (or < 1) indicates COVID-19 patients had higher (lower) risk of clinical outcome compared to the matched control group. IRR was estimated only if the total number of events in the two comparison groups were greater than 1.
a
P < 0.05.
b
P < 0.01. IRR is considered statistically significant, with indicates aP < 0.05 and indicates bP < 0.01. HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HR: Hazard ratio; IRR: Incidence rate ratio; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.