Table 4.
Sociodemographic factorsa associated with influenza vaccination hesitancy beliefs among adults aged ≥ 18 years, United States—National Internet Flu Survey, 2018.
| Somewhat/very hesitant about influenza vaccinations | Concerns about serious, long-term side effects impacted decision to get an influenza vaccination | Personally know someone who has had a serious, long-term side effect from an influenza vaccination | Doctor or health provider is not most trusted source of information about influenza vaccinations | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Prevalence (95% CI) | APDb (95% CI) | Unadjusted Prevalence (95% CI) | APD 95% CI) | Unadjusted Prevalence (95% CI) | APD (95% CI) | Unadjusted Prevalence (95% CI) | APD (95% CI) | |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 33.6 (31.1, 36.2) | Reference | 16.1 (14.2, 18.1) | Reference | 15.0 (13.1, 17.1) | Reference | 35.9 (33.3, 38.5) | Reference |
| Female | 40.0 (37.6, 42.5) | 6.4 (2.9, 10.0) | 21.0 (19.0, 23.1) | 4.2 (1.3, 7.1) | 14.6 (12.9, 16.4) | −0.0 (−2.6, 2.5) | 35.3 (33.0, 37.7) | 2.4 (−1.0, 5.8) |
| Age group (in years) | ||||||||
| 18–49 | 41.1 (38.3, 43.9) | Reference | 19.7 (17.6, 22.1) | Reference | 16.9 (14.8, 19.2) | Reference | 41.5 (38.7, 44.4) | Reference |
| 50–64 | 38.0 (35.2, 40.9) | −2.4 (−6.7, 1.8) | 18.4 (16.3, 20.7) | −0.8 −4.2, 2.6) | 13.5 (11.6, 15.5) | −0.3 (−3.4, 2.8) | 33.3 (30.6, 36.1) | −0.6 (−4.7, 3.5) |
| ≥ 65 | 24.7 (22.3, 27.3) | −14.5 (−19.3, −9.7) | 16.0 (14.1, 18.2) | −1.7 (−5.6, 2.2) | 11.0 (9.3, 12.8) | −3.8 (−7.1, −0.4) | 22.7 (20.3, 25.2) | −9.3 (−14.1, −4.6) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White only | 35.2 (33.0, 37.5) | Reference | 15.7 (14.1, 17.5) | Reference | 12.7 (11.2, 14.4) | Reference | 34.8 (32.6, 37.1) | Reference |
| Non-Hispanic Black only | 45.8 (41.1, 50.6) | 8.0 (2.6, 13.4) | 27.5 (23.3, 32.0) | 9.9 (5.1, 14.74) | 21.9 (18.0, 26.3) | 5.8 (1.7, 9.9) | 38.0 (33.4, 42.8) | −0.4 (−5.6, 4.8) |
| Hispanic | 39.1 (34.6, 43.7) | −0.9 (−6.1, 4.3) | 23.8 (20.1, 28.0) | 4.9 (0.6, 9.2) | 17.7 (14.3, 21.6) | 3.5 (−0.4, 7.4) | 35.6 (31.2, 40.2) | −2.7 (−7.7, 2.2) |
| Non-Hispanic other or multiple races | 33.5 (28.1, 39.5) | −2.6 (−8.8, 3.6) | 18.3 (14.0, 23.5) | 3.2 (−1.9, 8.4) | 15.1 (11.3, 20.0) | 0.5 (−3.6, 4.6) | 38.0 (32.2, 44.0) | −1.2 (−7.4, 5.0) |
| Marital Status | ||||||||
| Married/living with partner | 36.1 (33.9, 38.3) | Reference | 18.4 (16.6, 20.2) | Reference | 12.9 (11.4, 14.6) | Reference | 32.9 (30.8, 35.1) | Reference |
| Widowed/divorced/separated | 39.1 (35.4, 42.9) | 3.5 (−1.3, 8.2) | 20.3 (17.4, 23.6) | −0.5 (−4.2, 3.1) | 16.1 (13.4, 19.2) | 1.9 (−1.7, 5.5) | 33.5 (29.9, 37.3) | 3.7 (−0.8, 8.2) |
| Never married | 37.8 (33.5, 42.2) | −4.9 (−9.9, 0.1) | 18.1 (15.0, 21.7) | −3.5 (−7.5, 0.5) | 19.0 (15.7, 22.9) | 0.3 (−3.3, 3.8) | 44.5 (40.1, 49.1) | 3.7 (−1.3, 8.6) |
| Education level | ||||||||
| High school or lower | 42.4 (39.2, 45.6) | Reference | 23.9 (21.2, 26.7) | Reference | 19.1 (16.6, 21.8) | Reference | 38.2 (35.1, 41.4) | Reference |
| Some college or college graduate | 35.3 (33.0, 37.8) | −8.0 (−12.3, −3.7) | 15.8 (14.1, 17.7) | −6.2 (−9.8, −2.6) | 12.5 (10.9, 14.2) | −1.4 (−4.3, 1.5) | 34.0 (31.7, 36.5) | −2.7 (−6.8,1.4) |
| Above college graduate | 27.2 (23.7, 31.0) | −14.0 (−19.5, −8.4) | 13.4 (10.8, 16.4) | −7.7 (−12.3, −3.2) | 10.5 (8.2, 13.4) | −1.7 (−5.8, 2.4) | 33.5 (29.6, 37.6) | −1.2 (−6.8, 4.3) |
| Employment status | ||||||||
| Employed | 39.3 (37.0, 41.6) | Reference | 19.4 (17.6, 21.3) | Reference | 14.0 (12.4, 15.8) | Reference | 38.3 (36.0, 40.6) | Reference |
| Not employed/not in work force | 33.0 (30.4, 35.8) | −4.9 (−9.2, −0.6) | 17.4 (15.4, 19.6) | −4.4 (−7.5, −1.2) | 16.0 (14.0, 18.3) | 2.2 (−0.9, 5.3) | 31.1 (28.4, 33.9) | −3.1 (−7.3, 1.0) |
| Annual household income | ||||||||
| <$35,000 | 39.5 (35.8, 43.4) | Reference | 24.5 (21.3, 28.0) | Reference | 22.3 (19.1, 25.9) | Reference | 37.8 (34.1, 41.7) | Reference |
| $35,000–$49,999 | 38.1 (32.8, 43.7) | −0.6 (−7.4, 6.1) | 22.3 (17.9, 27.5) | −1.5 (−7.2, 4.2) | 16.2 (12.4, 20.8) | −3.1 (−8.0, 1.9) | 36.1 (30.8, 41.7) | 0.8 (−5.6, 7.1) |
| $50,000–$74,999 | 43.8 (39.4, 48.2) | 7.6 (1.6, 13.7) | 19.4 (16.2, 23.1) | −2.1 (−7.0, 2.8) | 13.0 (10.2, 16.5) | −5.3 (−9.6, −0.9) | 35.9 (31.7, 40.4) | 1.3 (−4.3, 7.0) |
| ≥$75,000 | 33.2 (30.8, 35.7) | −0.8 (−6.2, 4.5) | 14.8 (13.1, 16.7) | −5.6 (−10.0, −1.1) | 11.6 (10.0, 13.4) | −5.2 (−9.3, −1.0) | 34.3 (31.9, 36.8) | 2.2 (−3.0, 7.4) |
| Has a primary care medical home | ||||||||
| Yes/more than one | 34.8 (33.0, 36.7) | Reference | 18.2 (16.8, 19.7) | Reference | 13.2 (11.9, 14.5) | Reference | 29.6 (27.9, 31.4) | Reference |
| No | 52.9 (46.9, 58.7) | 14.2 (7.8, 20.6) | 23.4 (18.7, 28.9) | 4.8 (−0.6, 10.1) | 17.6 (13.5, 22.7) | 1.1 (−3.5, 5.7) | 65.5 (59.8, 70.8) | 28.1 (21.7, 34.5) |
| Have high-riskc conditions for influenza complications | ||||||||
| Yes | 34.4 (31.5, 37.3) | Reference | 21.5 (19.1, 24.1) | Reference | 15.0 (12.9, 17.3) | Reference | 27.4 (24.8, 30.3) | Reference |
| No | 38.2 (36.0, 40.5) | 2.0 (−1.7, 5.8) | 17.2 (15.6, 19.0) | −3.8 (−7.0, −0.6) | 14.7 (13.1, 16.5) | −1.0 (−3.7, 1.7) | 39.7 (37.5, 42.0) | 5.5 (1.9, 9.2) |
| Health insurance | ||||||||
| Yes | 35.5 (33.7, 37.3) | Reference | 18.1 (16.7, 19.6) | Reference | 12.7 (11.5, 14.0) | Reference | 31.8 (30.0, 33.6) | Reference |
| No | 53.2 (45.9, 60.3) | 5.9 (−1.9, 13.7) | 24.9 (19.2, 31.7) | 2.1 (−3.9, 8.2) | 23.2 (17.7, 29.9) | 5.1 (−0.7, 10.9) | 63.9 (56.9, 70.4) | 17.2 (9.1, 25.3) |
| Metropolitan statistical area status | ||||||||
| Metro | 36.4 (34.6, 38.3) | Reference | 18.4 (16.9, 19.9) | Reference | 14.4 (13.0, 15.8) | Reference | 35.9 (34.0, 37.8) | Reference |
| Non-metro | 40.2 (35.2, 45.3) | 2.4 (−2.9, 7.7) | 20.2 (16.4, 24.6) | 1.1 (−3.2, 5.3) | 17.4 (13.7, 21.9) | 3.4 (−0.8, 7.7) | 33.9 (29.1, 39.0) | −1.6 (−6.8, 3.6) |
Note: Boldface indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05 by t-test when compared with reference group within column).
Separate multivariable logistic regression models were run for each influenza vaccination hesitancy question for a total of four individual models. The outcome variables were the self-reported influenza vaccination hesitancy beliefs.
Adjusted prevalence difference. The model adjusted for sex, age, race/ethnicity, marital status, education level, employment status, annual household income, having a usual place to go when sick, had high-risk conditions for influenza complications, having health insurance, and metropolitan statistical area status.
Respondents were defined as being at high risk for complications from influenza if they reported currently having any of the following conditions: asthma, diabetes, a lung condition other than asthma, heart disease (other than high blood pressure, heart murmur, or mitral valve prolapse), a kidney condition, sickle cell anemia or other anemia, a neurologic or neuromuscular condition, obesity, a liver condition, a weakened immune system caused by chronic illness or by medicines taken for a chronic illness such as cancer, chemotherapy, HIV/AIDS, steroids, and transplant medicines, or being currently pregnant.