Table 10. Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of serum metabolites (μM) from 14 lean (L-MAINT) and 16 obese cats during weight maintenance (O-MAINT) and after 10-week energy restriction (O-RESTRICT).
| Metabolite (μM) | L-MAINT (n = 14) | O-MAINT (n = 16) | O-RESTRICT (n = 16) | P-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L-MAINT: O-MAINT | L-MAINT: O-RESTRICT | O-MAINT: O-RESTRICT | ||||
| Gluconeogenic Amino Acids | ||||||
| Aspartate | 20.31 (9.63–39.25) | 20.94 (16.38–37.50) | 21.00 (13.38–44.25) | 0.73 | 0.81 | 0.61 |
| Glycine | 268.34 ± 18.56 A | 294.07 ± 12 A | 344.55 ± 13.37 B | 0.24 | 0.002 | 0.01 |
| l-Alanine | 453 ± 24.11 A | 442.41 ± 28 A | 562.88 ± 41.98 B | 0.78 | 0.03 | 0.004 |
| l-Arginine | 51.81 (34.13–98.38) | 51.00 (31.75–93.63) | 57.94 (40.75–99.00) | 0.90 | 0.13 | 0.23 |
| l-Asparagine | 72.69 (43.25–138.63) | 72.56 (45.63–92.25) | 80.94 (57.13–96.88) | 0.53 | 0.76 | 0.06 |
| l-Glutamic Acid | 53.73 ± 5.24 | 50.49 ± 3.12 | 48.92 ± 5.16 | 0.59 | 0.52 | 0.81 |
| l-Glutamine | 734.09 ± 29.16 AB | 721.69 ± 25.98 A | 799.91 ± 21.15 B | 0.75 | 0.07 | 0.03 |
| l-Histidine | 125.56 ± 5.11 AB | 123.07 ± 2.53 A | 135.69 ± 3.60 B | 0.67 | 0.11 | 0.004 |
| l-Proline | 130 (67–413) | 143.44 (102.88–242.13) | 150.75 (101.38–549.13) | 0.59 | 0.26 | 0.30 |
| l-Serine | 132.04 ± 12.32 A | 182.16 ± 10.70 B | 192.20 ± 10.71 B | 0.0045 | 0.0009 | 0.45 |
| Methionine | 66.30 ± 9.02 | 65.29 ± 5.29 | 57.00 ± 4.57 | 0.78 | 0.56 | 0.16 |
| Valine | 168.25 (99.63–265.63) | 165.25 (103.88–201.38) | 167.94 (123.00–442.88) | 0.23 | 0.75 | 0.63 |
| Ketogenic Amino Acids | ||||||
| l-Leucine | 119.63 (79.00–174.00) | 115.00 (67.50–134.75) | 111.44 (84.25–233.50) | 0.20 | 0.68 | 0.38 |
| l-Lysine | 102.93 (70.75–140.50) | 95.13 (68.63–137.63) | 103.00 (57.75–298.25) | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.71 |
| Gluconeogenic and Ketogenic Amino Acids | ||||||
| Isoleucine | 55.63 (26.13–92.38) | 57.06 (30.13–69.13) | 54.50 (41.13–118.13) | 0.60 | 0.91 | 0.56 |
| l-Phenylalanine | 73 (59–100) | 80.38 (58.25–89.38) | 76.25 (61.13–110.25) | 0.82 | 0.55 | 0.78 |
| l-Threonine | 138.17 ± 15.49 | 128.94 ± 6.20 | 133.37 ± 6.22 | 0.59 | 0.81 | 0.64 |
| Tyrosine | 59.81 (34.13–63.63) | 52.31 (27.38–61.88) | 49.25 (38.38–106.63) | 0.76 | 0.82 | 0.72 |
| Augmented Amino Acid Degradation Products | ||||||
| 2-Hydroxybutyrate | 20.13 (9.00–34.00) AB | 19.00 (10.25–26.00) A | 20.38 (12.38–89.75) B | 0.21 | 0.74 | 0.02 |
| Isobutryric Acid | 13.25 (8.25–24.50) AB | 10.56 (7.38–20.88) B | 13.00 (8.00–22.00) A | 0.08 | 0.77 | 0.03 |
| Creatinine | 122.46 ± 5.47 AB | 112.98 ± 4.68 A | 132.64 ± 6.29 B | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.01 |
| Glycolysis | ||||||
| Acetic Acid | 6.63 (3.50–15.13) | 8.13 (3.13–12.13) | 7.13 (4.75–30.38) | 0.20 | 0.42 | 0.69 |
| D-Glucose | 5434.25 (3823.38–8981.25) | 5097.63 (4264.13–10676.50) | 5824.00 (4447.50–10148.38) | 0.98 | 0.19 | 0.13 |
| l-Lactic Acid | 3237.79 ± 374.25 | 2721.07 ± 171.53 | 3032.31 ± 258.95 | 0.23 | 0.65 | 0.19 |
| Lipolysis | ||||||
| Glycerol | 475.07 ± 20.71 A | 570.12 ± 36.19 B | 506.65 ±29.22 AB | 0.03 | 0.40 | 0.10 |
| Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle | ||||||
| Citric Acid | 173.88 (119.75–324.50) AB | 167.69 (118.50–278.13) A | 210.81 (144.63–308.88) B | 0.59 | 0.10 | 0.04 |
| Malonate | 13.13 (5.75–17.50) | 14.00 (8.63–31.13) | 12.81 (8.75–23.25) | 0.07 | 0.30 | 0.27 |
| Pyruvic Acid | 56.25 (17.38–187.63) | 44.25 (11.63–149.75) | 74.56 (2.63–172.88) | 0.46 | 1.0 | 0.20 |
| Succinate | 3.93 ± 0.55 | 3.52 ± 0.30 | 4.03 ± 0.66 | 0.51 | 0.89 | 0.51 |
| Ketogenesis | ||||||
| 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid | 23.19 (10.88–91.38) A | 33.38 (21.88–65.50) B | 41.06 (15.90–89.75) B | 0.03 | 0.007 | 0.10 |
| Acetoacetate | 13.44 (7.75–20.50) | 13.06 (10.25–27.25) | 16.00 (4.00–25.38) | 0.44 | 0.18 | 0.60 |
| Acetone | 21.56 (3.25–167.75) A | 22.75 (14.88–215.50) A | 65.94 (3.75–74.13) B | 0.86 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
| One Carbon Metabolism | ||||||
| Betaine | 170.75 (102.50–326.00) | 183.56 (131.75–354.13) | 204.50 (147.13–358.75) | 0.43 | 0.08 | 0.26 |
| Choline | 10.68 ± 1.30 | 13.36 ± 0.9 | 12.50 (7.00–19.88) | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.42 |
| Creatine | 7.88 (1.13–15.38) | 5.88 (1.00–19.38) | 9.81 (3.00–15.25) | 0.45 | 0.28 | 0.07 |
| Formate | 13.00 (10.38–21.50) A | 17.00 (12.00–24.63) AB | 16.31 (12.25–53.88) B | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.59 |
| l-Carnitine | 27.25 (14.13–51.75) | 32.13 (21.50–54.38) | 31.69 (19.38–43.13) | 0.15 | 0.35 | 0.45 |
| Purine Degradation | ||||||
| Hypoxanthine | 19.08 ± 1.36 | 20.82 ± 1.34 | 20.09 ± 1.26 | 0.37 | 0.59 | 0.66 |
| Other | ||||||
| Dimethylsulfone | 10.69 (3.00–27.38) | 16.06 (6.00–30.88) | 16.94 (5.00–31.63) | 0.27 | 0.17 | 0.78 |
| Methanol | 50.31 (38.13–78.25) A | 61.75 (40.88–75.38) A | 66.06 (51.38–85.88) B | 0.36 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
Normally distributed data expressed as mean ± SE
Non-parametric data expressed as median (min-max).
Superscript capital letters (A, B) denote significant differences between groups with different letters where a p-value <0.05 is considered significant
No superscript letters in a row indicates no significant differences between groups for the measured parameter