Table 1. Sample characteristics by race/ethnicity and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) Status, United States adults, The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) 1988–1994 (n = 10,605).
| White, non-Hispanics | Black, non-Hispanics | Mexican Americans | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | MASLD | No MASLD | P-value* | MASLD | No MASLD | P-value* | MASLD | No MASLD | P-value* |
| (n = 1,029) | (n = 3,075) | (n = 756) | (n = 2,385) | (n = 1,115) | (n = 2,065) | ||||
| Sex, % (SE) | 0.168 | 0.008 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Male | 46.2 (1.5) | 49.1 (0.9) | 38.1 (2.2) | 44.7 (1.3) | 43.3 (1.4) | 55.5 (1.2) | |||
| Female | 53.8 (1.5) | 50.9 (0.9) | 61.9 (2.2) | 55.3 (1.3) | 56.7 (1.4) | 44.5 (1.2) | |||
| Age, (years) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Median (25th, 75th Percentile) | 44.2 (33.6, 58.1) | 39.4 (29.6, 52.7) | 38.1 (28.7, 51.6) | 35.7 (27.4, 46.6) | 36.7 (28.0, 47.2) | 31.6 (24.6, 41.6) | |||
| Mean (SE) | 46.3 (0.6) | 42.3 (0.5) | 41.2 (0.5) | 39.1 (0.4) | 39.4 (0.6) | 35.4 (0.4) | |||
| Age Group, % (SE) | <0.001 | 0.006 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 18–34 | 26.2 (2.4) | 36.9 (1.4) | 38.7 (2.1) | 44.8 (1.3) | 41 (2.1) | 57.2 (1.7) | |||
| 35–49 | 32.6 (2.5) | 32.8 (1.1) | 32.9 (2.1) | 32.9 (1.1) | 36.6 (1.7) | 27.6 (1.5) | |||
| 49–64 | 25.8 (1.6) | 19.3 (0.8) | 19.1 (1.5) | 15.4 (1.1) | 15.7 (1.3) | 11 (1) | |||
| 65+ | 15.4 (1.1) | 11.1 (0.8) | 9.3 (1.0) | 6.9 (0.7) | 6.7 (0.7) | 4.2 (0.5) | |||
| Education Level, % (SE) | 0.001 | 0.727 | 0.042 | ||||||
| < High School | 18.3 (1.4) | 16.9 (1.1) | 29.2 (2.7) | 28.4 (1.5) | 59.6 (1.8) | 53.5 (1.9) | |||
| High School or GED | 40.5 (1.7) | 34.0 (1.1) | 39.1 (2.7) | 39.1 (1.4) | 23.7 (1.6) | 26.4 (1.2) | |||
| Some College | 19.8 (1.7) | 23.4 (1.1) | 21.9 (1.9) | 20.8 (1.1) | 11.3 (1.1) | 14.6 (1.3) | |||
| College degree or Higher | 21.4 (2.0) | 25.7 (1.2) | 9.8 (1.3) | 11.7 (1.2) | 5.4 (0.8) | 5.4 (0.8) | |||
| Have Health Insurance, % (SE) | 91.7 (0.9) | 89.5 (1.0) | 0.088 | 84.7 (2.1) | 83.6 (1.6) | 0.428 | 62.8 (1.8) | 61.3 (1.9) | 0.443 |
| Alcohol Intake, % (SE) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Never | 13.6 (1.3) | 7.7 (0.8) | 21.4 (1.6) | 16.1 (1.1) | 20.5 (1.7) | 15.2 (1.3) | |||
| Former | 33.9 (1.7) | 30.5 (1.7) | 42.1 (1.9) | 35.4 (1.5) | 34.8 (1.3) | 30.8 (1) | |||
| > 0–1 drinks/day | 42.1 (2.0) | 43.4 (1.6) | 29 (2.3) | 32 (1.4) | 36 (2.9) | 36.4 (1.1) | |||
| > 1 drinks/day** | 10.4 (1.3) | 18.4 (1.1) | 7.6 (0.9) | 16.5 (0.8) | 8.7 (1.3) | 17.6 (1) | |||
| Smoking Status, % (SE) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.017 | ||||||
| Never | 44.9 (1.6) | 41.2 (1.3) | 58.6 (2.3) | 49.8 (1.1) | 61.6 (1.5) | 56.2 (1.1) | |||
| Former | 31.8 (1.7) | 27.1 (0.9) | 18.7 (1.5) | 14.9 (0.9) | 20.4 (1.5) | 20.1 (1.2) | |||
| Current | 23.3 (1.5) | 31.7 (1.2) | 22.7 (1.9) | 35.3 (1.1) | 18.0 (1.3) | 23.7 (1.3) | |||
| Body Mass Index (Kg/M2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Median (25th, 75th Percentile) | 27.8 (24.2, 32.0) | 24.7 (22.2, 27.8) | 28.9 (23.7, 34.6) | 26.2 (23.0, 30.1) | 28.6 (25.4, 32.2) | 25.8 (23.2, 28.7) | |||
| Mean (SE) | 28.6 (0.4) | 25.5 (0.1) | 30.0 (0.4) | 27.1 (0.2) | 29.3 (0.3) | 26.5 (0.1) | |||
| Body Mass Index Category† (Kg/M2), % (SE) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Underweight | 1.9 (0.4) | 2.5 (0.4) | 2.6 (0.6) | 2.2 (0.3) | 0.7 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.4) | |||
| Healthy Weight | 27.1 (2.2) | 49.6 (1.1) | 27.2 (1.8) | 37.3 (1.3) | 22.1 (2.3) | 40.5 (1.1) | |||
| Overweight | 34.1 (1.7) | 32.4 (1.0) | 26.6 (1.3) | 34.2 (0.9) | 36.9 (1.7) | 38.8 (1.1) | |||
| Obese | 36.9 (2.3) | 15.6 (1.0) | 43.6 (1.9) | 26.3 (1.2) | 40.3 (2.3) | 19.5 (1.1) | |||
| Waist to Hip Ratio | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Median (25th, 75th Percentile) | 0.93 (0.85, 0.99) | 0.89 (0.83, 0.95) | 0.91 (0.85, 0.97) | 0.88 (0.82, 0.94) | 0.94 (0.88, 0.99) | 0.91 (0.85, 0.96) | |||
| Mean (SE) | 0.93 (0.004) | 0.90 (0.002) | 0.89 (0.004) | 0.91 (0.002) | 0.94 (0.003) | 0.92 (0.002) | |||
| Abdominal Obesity ‡, % (SE) | 75.5 (1.8) | 62.6 (1.3) | <0.001 | 70.3 (1.9) | 57.6 (1.6) | <0.001 | 83.4 (1.2) | 70.1 (1.2) | <0.001 |
| Physical Activity (METs/month) | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.100 | ||||||
| Median (25th, 75th Percentile) | 62.9 (17.5, 149.5) | 78.8 (23.7, 167.5) | 39.5 (1.1, 124.5) | 52.0 (7.7, 148.8) | 22.6 (0, 104.9) | 34.7 (4.1, 124.8) | |||
| Mean (SE) | 100.6 (4.4) | 118.5 (3.9) | 88.3 (5.3) | 107.9 (4.7) | 78.5 (6.1) | 89.9 (3.8) | |||
| Physically Active, % (SE) | 86.2 (1.3) | 90.7 (0.7) | <0.001 | 75.7 (2.5) | 80.5 (1.2) | 0.035 | 72.1 (2.1) | 76.9 (1.5) | 0.008 |
| Healthy Eating Index | 0.470 | 0.390 | 0.102 | ||||||
| Median (25th, 75th Percentile) | 64.5 (54.1, 74.0) | 63.7 (54.5, 73.2) | 60.2 (50.6, 68.7) | 58.7 (50.2, 67.8) | 65.3 (56.0, 73.9) | 63.8 (55.7, 72.2) | |||
| Mean (SE) | 64.1 (0.5) | 63.8 (0.4) | 59.5 (0.6) | 58.9 (0.2) | 64.8 (0.6) | 63.8 (0.6) | |||
| Healthy Eating Index §, % (SE) | 0.369 | 0.517 | 0.449 | ||||||
| Poor | 17.2 (1.3) | 16.6 (0.9) | 25.4 (2.1) | 27.4 (0.7) | 14.2 (1.6) | 15.3 (1.2) | |||
| Fair | 69.8 (1.8) | 71.9 (0.7) | 70 (2.0) | 67.6 (0.8) | 73.7 (1.6) | 74.2 (1.0) | |||
| Good | 13.0 (1.4) | 11.5 (0.7) | 4.6 (0.7) | 5.1 (0.5) | 12.1 (1.3) | 10.5 (1.2) | |||
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.015 | ||||||
| Median (25th, 75th Percentile) | 204.7 (176.9, 235.6) | 199.0 (173.3, 227.7) | 202.6 (172.8, 231.5) | 192.5 (168.2, 220.8) | 198.2 (170.8, 228.2) | 190.9 (166.2, 219.7) | |||
| Mean (SE) | 208.4 (1.7) | 202.8 (1.0) | 205.6 (1.8) | 197.2 (1.0) | 201.9 (2.4) | 195.2 (1.7) | |||
| HOMA-IR | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Median (25th, 75th Percentile) | 2.39 (1.58, 3.90) | 1.62 (1.19, 2.32) | 3.09 (1.80, 5.38) | 2.09 (1.41, 3.18) | 3.06 (1.97, 5.0) | 1.92 (1.32, 3.03) | |||
| Mean (SE) | 3.9 (0.3) | 2.2 (0.08) | 5.2 (0.3) | 3.4 (0.2) | 4.9 (0.4) | 2.8 (0.1) | |||
| AST/ALT Ratio | <0.001 | 0.004 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Median (25th, 75th Percentile) | 1.20 (0.92, 1.54) | 1.35 (1.06, 1.69) | 1.38 (1.09, 1.78) | 1.49 (1.18, 1.89) | 1.05 (0.79, 1.35) | 1.23 (0.95, 1.54) | |||
| Mean (SE) | 1.3 (0.04) | 1.5 (0.08) | 1.5 (0.04) | 1.6 (0.04) | 1.1 (0.02) | 1.3 (0.02) | |||
* Rao-Scott Chi Square P-values for difference in proportions and T-tests P-values for difference in means between adults with versus without Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease of the same race/ethnicity
** In MASLD up to 2 drink per days for females and 3 drinks per day for males
† Underweight (< 18.50), Healthy Weight (≥ 18.50–25.00 <), Overweight (≥ 25.00–30.00 <) and Obese (≥ 30)
‡ Waist to Hip Ratio ≥ 0.90 for males or ≥ 0.85 for females
§ Poor < 51%, Fair < 80%, Good ≥ 80%
MET = Metabolic equivalent; AST = Aspartate Aminotransferase; ALT = alanine aminotransferase; % = Weighted Proportion; SE = Standard Error