Table S2.

Cardiac and Non-Cardiac Causes of Acute Chest Pain

Cardiac
Pericardium	Acute pericarditis
Myocardium	Acute coronary syndrome (UA, NSTEMI, STEMI) Stable angina/chronic ischemic heart disease Vasospastic (Prinzmetal’s) angina Coronary microvascular dysfunction Takotsubo (stress) cardiomyopathy Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Acute myocarditis
Valvular heart disease	Aortic stenosis Mitral valve prolapse
Non-Cardiac
Respiratory	Pneumonia Pleuritis Pulmonary embolism Pneumothorax Pulmonary hypertension Asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation Acute bronchitis Lung cancer Acute chest syndrome (in patients with sickle cell anaemia)
Mediastinum	Aortic dissection/aortic aneurysm Mediastinitis Pneumomediastinum Mediastinal masses
Gastrointestinal	Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)/reflux esophagitis Oesophageal motility disorders Boerhaave’s syndrome Peptic ulcer disease Gallstone disease Acute pancreatitis Perforated viscus
Musculoskeletal and Soft Tissue Pathologies	Muscle sprain Rib fractures/trauma Costochondritis (Tietze’s syndrome) Cervical/thoracic spine pathologies (referred pain) Herpes zoster (Shingles) Intercostal neuralgia (post-thoracotomy pain syndrome, post-herpetic neuralgia) Xiphoidalgia
Others	Psychogenic (panic attacks, anxiety, somatization disorder)

Bold: common causes, highlighted: life-threatening causes *NSTEMI: non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, STEMI - ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, UA - unstable angina