Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients stratified by 3D-RVT assessment use.
| The entire cohort | The PSM cohort | The stabilized IPTW cohort | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | 3D group (n=1681) | 2D group (n=1721) | SMD | P | 3D group (n=892) | 2D group (n=892) | SMD | P | 3D group (n=1608.3) | 2D group (n=1777.8) | SMD | P |
| Age (year)a | 54.0 (45.0–61.0) | 55.0 (47.0–63.0) | 0.111 | 0.002 | 54.0 (45.0–62.0) | 54.0 (45.0–62.0) | 0.018 | 0.708 | 54.0 (46.0–61.0) | 54.0 (45.0–62.0) | 0.011 | 0.206 |
| Sex, male | 1267 (75.4) | 1457 (84.7) | 0.234 | <0.001 | 702 (78.7) | 716 (80.3) | 0.036 | 0.412 | 1286.0 (80.0) | 1419.3 (79.8) | 0.003 | 0.932 |
| Hepatitis | 1054 (62.7) | 1351 (78.5) | 0.352 | <0.001 | 631 (70.7) | 635 (71.2) | 0.009 | 0.835 | 1123.7 (69.9) | 1252.5 (70.5) | 0.013 | 0.707 |
| Cirrhosis | 811 (48.2) | 724 (42.1) | 0.124 | <0.001 | 420 (47.1) | 409 (45.9) | 0.025 | 0.602 | 721.2 (44.8) | 777.9 (43.8) | 0.022 | 0.533 |
| Child-Pugh | 0.017 | 0.629 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.017 | 0.655 | ||||||
| Class A | 1669 (99.3) | 1711 (99.4) | 887 (99.4) | 887 (99.4) | 1597.9 (99.4) | 1768.6 (99.5) | ||||||
| Class B | 12 (0.7) | 10 (0.6) | 5 (0.6) | 5 (0.6) | 10.4 (0.6) | 9.2 (0.5) | ||||||
| AFP (ng/ml) | 0.378 | <0.001 | 0.041 | 0.375 | 0.034 | 0.351 | ||||||
| <400 | 940 (55.9) | 1268 (73.7) | 560 (62.8) | 578 (64.8) | 1019.9 (63.4) | 1156.3 (65.0) | ||||||
| ≥400 | 741 (44.1) | 453 (26.3) | 332 (37.2) | 314 (35.2) | 588.4 (36.6) | 621.5 (35.0) | ||||||
| ALT (U/l) | 0.368 | <0.001 | 0.027 | 0.550 | 0.026 | 0.456 | ||||||
| <45 | 994 (59.1) | 1309 (76.1) | 580 (65.0) | 592 (66.4) | 1009.0 (62.7) | 1092.8 (61.5) | ||||||
| ≥45 | 687 (40.9) | 412 (23.9) | 312 (35.0) | 300 (33.6) | 599.3 (37.3) | 685.0 (38.5) | ||||||
| TBIL (μmol/l) | 0.159 | <0.001 | 0.036 | 0.453 | 0.008 | 0.827 | ||||||
| <17.5 | 1160 (69.0) | 1058 (61.5) | 598 (67.0) | 583 (65.4) | 1059.5 (65.9) | 1177.6 (66.2) | ||||||
| ≥17.5 | 521 (31.0) | 663 (38.5) | 294 (33.0) | 309 (34.6) | 548.8 (34.1) | 600.2 (33.8) | ||||||
| ALB (g/l) | 0.204 | <0.001 | 0.056 | 0.280 | 0.003 | 0.963 | ||||||
| <35 | 194 (11.5) | 324 (18.8) | 120 (13.5) | 136 (15.2) | 265.3 (16.5) | 291.3 (16.4) | ||||||
| ≥35 | 1487 (88.5) | 1397 (81.2) | 772 (86.5) | 756 (84.8) | 1343.0 (83.5) | 1486.5 (83.6) | ||||||
| Hb (g/l) | 0.106 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.027 | 0.491 | ||||||
| <100 | 92 (5.5) | 57 (3.3) | 35 (3.9) | 35 (3.9) | 80.6 (5.0) | 99.8 (5.6) | ||||||
| ≥100 | 1589 (94.5) | 1664 (96.7) | 857 (96.1) | 857 (96.1) | 1527.7 (95.0) | 1677.9 (94.4) | ||||||
| PLT (×109/l) | 0.220 | <0.001 | 0.042 | 0.277 | 0.006 | 0.896 | ||||||
| <100 | 157 (9.3) | 67 (3.9) | 60 (6.7) | 49 (5.5) | 118.8 (7.4) | 134.0 (7.5) | ||||||
| ≥100 | 1524 (90.7) | 1654 (96.1) | 832 (93.3) | 843 (94.5) | 1489.5 (92.6) | 1643.8 (92.5) | ||||||
| PT (s) | 0.144 | <0.001 | 0.011 | 0.827 | 0.004 | 0.938 | ||||||
| <13.5 | 1338 (79.6) | 1265 (73.5) | 666 (74.7) | 670 (75.1) | 1172.2 (72.9) | 1292.4 (72.7) | ||||||
| ≥13.5 | 343 (20.4) | 456 (26.5) | 226 (25.3) | 222 (24.9) | 436.1 (27.1) | 485.4 (27.3) | ||||||
| Surgical type | 0.501 | <0.001 | 0.057 | 0.194 | 0.024 | 0.507 | ||||||
| LH | 676 (40.2) | 312 (18.1) | 274 (30.7) | 249 (27.9) | 506.6 (31.5) | 579.6 (32.6) | ||||||
| OH | 1005 (59.8) | 1409 (81.9) | 618 (69.3) | 643 (72.1) | 1101.7 (68.5) | 1198.2 (67.4) | ||||||
| Type of hepatectomy | 0.620 | <0.001 | 0.010 | 0.856 | 0.061 | 0.079 | ||||||
| AR | 1475 (87.7) | 1068 (62.1) | 722 (80.9) | 725 (81.3) | 1258.2 (78.2) | 1345.3 (75.7) | ||||||
| NAR | 206 (12.3) | 653 (37.9) | 170 (19.1) | 167 (18.7) | 350.1 (21.8) | 432.5 (24.3) | ||||||
| Extent of hepatectomyb | 0.855 | <0.001 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.037 | 0.299 | ||||||
| Major | 1234 (73.4) | 589 (34.2) | 530 (59.4) | 530 (59.4) | 904.1 (56.2) | 966.8 (54.4) | ||||||
| Minor | 447 (26.6) | 1132 (65.8) | 362 (40.6) | 362 (40.6) | 704.2 (43.8) | 811.0 (45.6) | ||||||
| Diameter (cm)c | 0.153 | <0.001 | 0.025 | 0.600 | 0.004 | 0.918 | ||||||
| <5 | 712 (42.4) | 860 (50.0) | 392 (43.9) | 403 (45.2) | 743.6 (46.2) | 818.3 (46.0) | ||||||
| ≥5 | 969 (57.6) | 861 (50.0) | 500 (56.1) | 489 (54.8) | 864.7 (53.8) | 959.5 (54.0) | ||||||
| Tumor number | 0.269 | <0.001 | 0.048 | 0.397 | 0.002 | 0.963 | ||||||
| Single | 1506 (89.6) | 1377 (80.0) | 759 (85.1) | 746 (83.6) | 1349.0 (83.9) | 1492.4 (83.9) | ||||||
| Multiple | 175 (10.4) | 344 (20.0) | 133 (14.9) | 146 (16.4) | 259.3 (16.1) | 285.4 (16.1) | ||||||
| Differentiation | 0.204 | <0.001 | 0.023 | 0.643 | 0.033 | 0.349 | ||||||
| Well-moderate | 1255 (74.7) | 1125 (65.4) | 625 (70.1) | 616 (69.1) | 1133.3 (70.5) | 1226.0 (69.0) | ||||||
| Poor | 426 (25.3) | 596 (34.6) | 267 (29.9) | 276 (30.9) | 475.0 (29.5) | 551.8 (31.0) | ||||||
| MVI | 0.156 | <0.001 | 0.019 | 0.695 | 0.038 | 0.285 | ||||||
| Negative | 1104 (65.7) | 1000 (58.1) | 559 (62.7) | 567 (63.6) | 1027.0 (63.9) | 1102.5 (62.0) | ||||||
| Positive | 577 (34.3) | 721 (41.9) | 333 (37.3) | 325 (36.4) | 581.3 (36.1) | 675.3 (38.0) | ||||||
Values in parentheses are percentages unless indicated otherwise.
a
Values are median (i.q.r.).
b
Major liver resection was defined as removal of three or more liver segments.
c
Diameter refers to the maximum tumor diameter that can be obtained at the time of preoperative evaluation.
2D, two-dimensional; 3D, three-dimensional; 3D-RVT, three-dimensional reconstruction visualization technology; AFP, α-fetoprotein; ALB, albumin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AR, anatomical resection; Hb, hemoglobin; IPTW, inverse probability of treatment weighting; LH, laparoscopic hepatectomy; MVI, microvascular invasion; NAR, nonanatomical resection; OH, open hepatectomy; PLT, platelet; PSM, propensity score matching; PT, prothrombin time; SMD, standardized mean difference; TBIL, total bilirubin.