Appendix 1—figure 3. Nsp1 binding on quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D).

The frequency (F1–F7) and dissipation (D1–D7) response of the different harmonics (numbers) for a Pd-coated QCM-D sensors versus time upon grafting of 1.14 µM Nsp1 in PBS.

The QCM-D chip was cleaned by boiling ethanol (see ‘Cleaning and surface grafting of Pd’). The frequency shift from before the Nsp1 coating to after was approximately 60 Hz, which shows an acceptable coating efficiency. Nsp1 was flushed in the gray shaded area.