Table 3.
Correlation Matrix
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Male | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 2 Immigrant | −0.01 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 3 Age (in months) | 0.04 | 0.06* | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 4 Socioeconomic status (HISEI) | 0.03 | 0.00 | −0.06** | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 5 Reading performance at age 15 | −0.13*** | −0.12*** | 0.08*** | 0.11*** | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 6 Math performance at age 15 | 0.20*** | −0.14*** | 0.10*** | 0.09** | 0.46*** | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 7 Science performance at age 15 | 0.13*** | −0.11*** | 0.03 | 0.14*** | 0.56*** | 0.42*** | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 8 Academic self-concept at age 15 | 0.04* | 0.00 | −0.06** | 0.07** | 0.22*** | 0.21*** | 0.17*** | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 9 Study effort at age 15 | 0.00 | −0.02 | 0.11*** | −0.01 | 0.05* | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.31*** | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 10 Control expectation at age 15 | 0.10*** | 0.02 | −0.08*** | 0.06** | 0.05* | 0.13*** | 0.11*** | 0.52*** | 0.43*** | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 11 University | 0.00 | 0.04 | −0.12*** | 0.15*** | 0.13*** | 0.09** | 0.15*** | 0.15*** | 0.07** | 0.14*** | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 12 Higher education attainment | −0.06* | −0.01 | −0.04 | 0.07** | 0.09*** | 0.06 | 0.07* | 0.08*** | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.02 | – | – | – | – | – |
| 13 Positive attitude towards life | 0.02 | −0.04 | 0.06* | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.12*** | 0.11*** | 0.09*** | −0.05* | 0.10*** | – | – | – | – |
| 14 Self-esteem | 0.09*** | −0.05* | 0.01 | 0.05* | 0.10*** | 0.11*** | 0.15*** | 0.18*** | 0.07** | 0.17*** | 0.02 | 0.09*** | 0.65*** | – | – | – |
| 15 Self-efficacy | 0.20*** | −0.01 | 0.07** | 0.01 | 0.11*** | 0.12*** | 0.20*** | 0.17*** | 0.09*** | 0.21*** | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.52*** | 0.57*** | – | – |
| 16 Negative affectivity | −0.18*** | 0.11*** | −0.19*** | −0.02 | −0.15*** | −0.24*** | −0.18*** | −0.12*** | −0.07** | −0.03 | 0.03 | −0.06* | −0.46*** | −0.39*** | −0.34*** | – |
| 17 Perceived stress | −0.05* | 0.04 | −0.07** | 0.00 | −0.08*** | −0.10** | −0.08** | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.14*** | 0.00 | −0.22*** | −0.21*** | −0.22*** | 0.28*** |
Correlations based on the sample of individuals pursuing higher education (N = 2070). Pearson coefficients are reported for correlations between continuous variables, point-biserial coefficients for correlations that include a dichotomous variable, and Phi coefficients for correlations between two binary variables. To test for potential multicollinearity, we estimated variance inflation factors (VIF). The VIF values ranged between 1.03 (for socioeconomic status (HISEI)) and 2.10 (for positive attitude towards life)
***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05