Fig. 1. Digital feature derivation from a pronation-supination assessment.

a Euler angle and gyroscope data derived from a sensor-fusion based approach⁴³ over several seconds is presented during a pronation-supination assessment. b Sensor axes in the direction of movement for pronation-supination and toe-tapping assessments were used for data processing. c Euler angle data from the appropriate axis for each assessment was algorithmically processed to identify start and end timings of each pronation-supination or toe-tapping movement. Frequency, amplitude, and velocity were derived for each movement and summarized across each task using median, variability, and slope, producing a total of 9 digital features per assessment. Finally, unweighted z-score summation was performed to derive a single digital composite score per assessment.