Table 2.

Parameters to fertile the coffee plantation soil from dry land.

Parameter	Ideal value	Range	Effect on coffee plants
Humidity	60–70%	50–80%	Too low humidity—stress the plants and reduce their yields. Too high humidity—create favorable conditions for pests and diseases
Temperature	18–25 °C (64–77°F)	15–30 °C (59–86°F)	Temperatures below 15 °C (59°F) can damage the plants Temperatures above 30 °C (86°F) can reduce their yields
Moisture	Moderate	Not too wet or too dry	Too much moisture—lead to root rot and other fungal diseases. Too little moisture—stresses the plants and reduces their yields
Soil pH	6.0–7.0	5.5–7.5	Too low pH—difficult for the plants to absorb nutrients. Too high pH—reduce the availability of iron and other essential nutrients
Soil EC	0.5–2.0 ds/m	0.2–3.0 ds/m	Coffee plants are sensitive to high levels of salinity. Higher EC levels can stress the plants and reduce their yields
Nutrient value	Varies depending on the nutrient	Varies depending on the nutrient	Nutrient deficiencies can reduce the yields and quality of the coffee beans
Timestamp	Track changes in soil conditions over time	Not applicable	By tracking the timestamp of the data collected, farmers can identify trends and patterns in the soil parameters