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. 2024 Feb 15;43(6):956–992. doi: 10.1038/s44318-024-00049-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ applies to the data associated with this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data, but does not extend to the graphical or creative elements of illustrations, charts, or figures. This waiver removes legal barriers to the re-use and mining of research data. According to standard scholarly practice, it is recommended to provide appropriate citation and attribution whenever technically possible.

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(A) GLR glia (yellow boxes) derive from the lineage of the blast cell MS. This lineage produces mainly body wall muscle and pharyngeal muscle cells (green). GLR glia (yellow) are born at around the embryonic bean stage (360 min of embryonic development). The HMC cell and coelomocytes (CC) also derive from the MS lineage. Schematic adapted from (Sulston et al, 1983). (B) Schematic representation of the GLR glia (yellow). Pharynx is shown in green. The inset shows how C. elegans Nerve Ring (red) wraps around the sheet-like GLR glia processes. Schematic redrawn and modified from (Altun and Hall, 2016). (C) Cis-regulatory dissection analysis for the gene nep-2 resulted in isolation of a GLR glia-specific driver, prom7 (red box). (D) Fluorescence image of an L4 C. elegans showing expression of nep-2prom7::gfp specifically in GLR glia. Anterior is left, dorsal is up, and scale bar is 10 μm. (E) Genes from three families (neurotransmitter receptors and transporters, potassium channels and extracellular matrix genes) are overrepresented among GLR-enriched genes.