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. 2024 Mar 15;4:47. doi: 10.1038/s43856-024-00477-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a–f Dot plot graphs of OD450 values on the log axis obtained by ELISA for determining the levels of antibodies targeting ACE2 within plasma from healthy individuals (n = 35, blue), individuals with mild COVID-19 (not hospitalized, n = 33, green), and individuals with severe COVID-19 (hospitalized, n = 40, red). Secondary detection antibodies specific for Ig isotype were utilized to identify IgG ACE2 antibody levels b IgA antibody levels, and c IgM antibody levels. d–f Dot plots showing ACE2 antibody levels in healthy individuals at baseline and then after two doses of Comirnaty COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. Ig isotype-specific ACE2 antibodies determined for d IgG e IgA and f IgM. Each dot represents a single individual, and Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney statistical test was used to determine P values.