Table 2.

Summary of Included Articles

Authors (year) country	Research method	Research population	Sex/gender description of persons with dementia	Measures used to prevent exiting or support autonomy
Aud (2004) United States	Qualitative	People with dementia who have eloped from a long-term care environment (n = 62)	Incidents with women (n = 31) Incidents with men (n = 27) Incidents with gender not specified (n = 4)	•  Alarms on exit doors (keypads and panic bars) • Wearable sensors for patients (wrist bracelet)
Boumans et al. (2022) The Netherlands	Qualitative	Residents with dementia (n = 73) Residents without dementia (n = 37) Full-time care staff (n = 133)	Not described	• Care watches • Staff training/hospitable approach to care • Tags in clothes
Te Boekhorst et al (2013) The Netherlands	Quantitative	Residents with dementia living in nursing homes with surveillance technology (n = 170) or physical restraints (n = 22)	Female (n = 123) Male (n = 69)	Surveillance technologies: • cameras, • acoustic monitoring systems, • chips worn in clothing or shoes that control doors • tracking chips with GPS • (Inactivity sensors, movement sensors in beds or chairs, door sensors, and bed pressure sensors)a Physical restraintsa
Chafetz (1990) United States	Quantitative	People with dementia (n = 30)	Women (n = 28) Men (n = 2)	• Visual-grid made with tap on the floor
Ciofi et al. (2022) United States	Qualitative	Residents with dementia (n = 33) Informal care partners (n = 40) Formal care partners (n = 60)	Female (n = 8) Male (n = 4) Transgender (n = 1)	• Alarm code • Escorted visited beyond care environment • Outdoor seating • Garden spaces and courtyard • Walking paths • Planned activities beyond the care environment
Cohen-Mansfield and Werner (1998) United States	Mixed method	People with dementia (n = 27)	Female (n = 21) Male (n = 6)	• Two enhanced environments (nature and home-like setting murals) with benches facing the scene.
Cohen-Mansfield and Werner (1999) United States	Quantitative	Nursing home staff (n = 320)	Not described	• Activities • Design features in outdoor spaces
Detweiler et al. (2008) b United States	Qualitative	Residents in a nursing home unit (n = 34)	Male (n = 34)	• Activities in wander garden • Walkways • Wander garden
Dickinson and McLain-Kark (1998) United States	Qualitative	Residents of a dementia care unit (n = 8)	Female (n = 3) Male (n = 5)	• A cloth panel covering the panic bar of the fire exit door. • A mini-blind covering the panic bar of the fire exit door.
Dickinson et al. (1995) United States	Qualitative	Ambulatory residents of a dementia care unit with histories of exiting behavior (n = 7)	Females (n = 2) Males (n = 5)	• A cloth panel covering the panic bar of the fire exit door. • A mini-blind covering the panic bar of the fire exit door. • Both a mini-blind and cloth panel covering the panic bar of the fire exit door. • No barrier
Evans et al. (2018) b United Kingdom	Qualitative	Managers from care homes offering dementia car(n = 18)	Females (n = 16) Males (n = 2)	• Locked doors • Keypads • Gardens • Outdoor spaces
Favez et al. (2022) Switzerland	Quantitative	Residents of nursing homes (n = 6,149)c Staff of nursing homes (n not specified)	Females (n = 4,341) Males (n = 1,808)	• Surveillance technologies • Pressure detection mats • Cameras • Electronic system to control the ability to open doors • Electronic bracelets
Graham and Fabricius (2018) Canada	Qualitative	Residents of secured dementia care unit with veteran status (n = 36) Residents of secured dementia care unit with non-veteran status (n = 40) Staff (n not specified)	Veteran unit: Female (n = 3) Males (n = 33) Non-veteran unit: Female (n = 26) Male (n = 14)	• Mural designs created by residents on exit doors
Graham and Fabricius (2021) Canada	Qualitative	Residents of a secure specialized behavior unit (n = 20)	Female and male residents (sex breakdown not specified)	• Interactive door mural with magnets of objects for a magnetic bookcase.
Hall et al. (2017) England	Qualitative	Residents (n = 9) Relatives (n = 9) Staff (n = 24)	Not specified, but stated the majority of the sample was female	• Alarms • Activity trackers: • Location-based systems • Wearable fobs • Bed-monitoring technology • (Bed sensors and pressure mats)
Kincaid and Peacock (2003) United States	Quantitative	Residents of a special care unit (n = 17)	Women (n = 10) Men (n = 2) Gender not specified (n = 5)	• Wall murals on the entrance/exit doorway
Lowndes et al. (2021) Canada, Norway, and Germany	Qualitative	Residents of segregated dementia units (n = 7) Management, staff, volunteers, students, families, and resident across 13 sites	Not specified	• Engaging activities • Gardens • Offsite activities • Sensory rooms
Margot-Cattin and Nygård (2006) Switzerland	Qualitative	Residents of a geriatric psychiatry unit (n = 15) Staff members (n = not described) Residents of the unit (n = not described)	Not explicitly described but mention of two females and one male were observed more closely	• A wearable chip card to lock and unlock doors
Mazzei et al. (2014) Canada	Qualitative	Residents of an acute geriatric psychiatry care (n = 6)	Women (n = 2) Men (n = 4)	• Camouflage murals on exit doorways to reduce door testing • Circular as opposed to a linear, wandering path • of the residents rather than four-bed wards • Outdoor patio for residents • Private bedrooms with adjoining bathrooms for the majority
Müller et al. (2010) Germany	Qualitative	Family caregivers and professional care-givers	Not explicitly described but description of sex/gender behavior	• GPS locating system
Niemeijer et al. (2015) b The Netherlands	Qualitative	Residents of a dementia special care unit of a nursing home (n = 43) A residential care facility for people with intellectual disabilities (CFID) (n = 24)d	Not specified	Surveillance technologies: • Acoustic sensors • Bracelets • Video surveillance
Øye and Jacobsen (2020) Norway	Mixed method	Nursing home staff (n = 43)	Not described	• Diverting attention • Fake bus stops • White lies
Sandberg et al. (2022) Finland	Qualitative	Residents of nursing homes (n = 15) Family members (n = 27) Nurses (n = 22)	Not described	• Closed doors • Gardens
Steele, Carr et al. (2020) b Australia	Qualitative	People living with dementia (n = 15) Care partners (n = 10) Care home professionals (n = 15) Lawyers and advocates (n = 10)	Not described	• Escorted outings • Fences • Gardens • Locked doors
Steele, Swaffer et al. (2020) Australia	Qualitative	People living with dementia (n = 15) Care partners (n = 10) Care home professionals (n = 15) Lawyers and advocates (n = 10)	Not described	A general description of secured dementia care environments
Tufford et al. (2018) b Canada, Norway and Germany	Qualitative	Residential care management, health providers, support staff, informal care providers, union representatives, residents and family members	Not described	• Alarms • Closed and open-door units • Elevators • Locks on doors • Outdoor spaces
van Hecke et al. (2019) b Belgium	Qualitative	Residents (n = 4) Staff members (n = 5)	Residents Female (n = 4) Staff Female (n = 4) Male (n = 1)	• Architecture • Codes • Elevators • Gardens
Varshawsky and Traynor (2021) Australia	Quantitative	Individuals living with dementia (n = 9)	Not described	• Adhesive posters placed on bedroom doors
Wigg, 2010b United States	Qualitative	Individuals living with dementia (n = 30)	Not explicitly described but mentioned a gender ratio of one male to three females	• Garden spaces • Large picture windows • Locked doors • Motion dectors • Open-door policy
Zwijsen et al. (2012) The Netherlands	Qualitative	Care professions including physicians, and managers (n = 9)	Not described	• Acoustic monitoring • Chips worn in clothing • Door sensors • GPS locating system

Notes:

^aFindings describing physical restraints were excluded from this review.

^bArticle was included in the van Liempd et al. (2022) review.

^cPeople with dementia not specified, however, 209 of 292 of the nursing home units offered dementia-specific services.

^dFindings for this population group were excluded from this review.