Table 3.

Mixed Model for Repeated Measures (MMRM) Results for NIH-Toolbox Emotional Battery (NIHTB-EB)

Variables	NC, N = 64 Con/Exp = 34/30			MCI, N = 70 Con/Exp = 39/31
	Coef.	SE	p Value	Coef.	SE	p Value
Negative affect
Time—ref: baseline
6 months	−2.627	1.409	.062	−0.835	1.080	.440
12 months	0.009	1.715	.996	1.440	1.301	.268
Group—ref: NC	−3.618	2.271	.111	−2.210	2.221	.320
Time × Group
Group × 6 months	1.804	2.135	.398	0.338	1.668	.839
Group × 12 months	0.445	2.626	.865	−0.707	1.880	.707
Post-COVID indicator	−0.200	1.984	.920	2.973	2.199	.176
Social Satisfaction
Time—ref: baseline
6 months	3.262**	1.136	.004	2.918**	1.065	.006
12 months	4.785***	1.088	.000	2.790*	1.281	.029
Group—ref: NC	1.969	2.569	.444	0.764	2.386	.749
Time × Group
Group × 6 months	−1.286	1.686	.446	−1.474	1.644	.370
Group × 6 months	−1.548	1.647	.347	−1.538	1.891	.416
Post-COVID indicator	2.896	2.236	.195	-4.879*	2.356	.038
Psychological well-being
Time—ref: baseline
6 months	1.788	1.298	.168	−0.166	0.964	.863
12 months	0.802	0.876	.360	−0.250	1.300	.847
Group—ref: NC	3.347	2.270	.140	−1.203	2.284	.598
Time X Group
Group × 6 months	−0.027	1.996	.989	0.201	1.460	.890
Group × 6 months	0.820	1.304	.529	0.499	1.936	.797
Post-COVID indicator	1.795	2.200	.415	0.083	2.186	.970

Notes: Coef = coefficient; Con = control group; COVID = coronavirus disease; Exp = experimental group; Group = experimental group (control group as a reference); MCI = participants with mild cognitive impairment; NC = participants with normal cognition; SE = standard error. All models controlled for age, sex, year of education, and a COVID pandemic indicator (pre- vs post- COVID outbreak). P-value ≤ 0.05 was bolded. The coefficients for age, sex and education were not shown here. Full model information available upon request.

*p < .05. **p < .01. *** p < .001.