Table 3.

Methods used to determine the cost-effectiveness of implementation strategies

First author Publication year Country	Perspective	Time horizon for implementation, in months	Implementation outcome	Implementation costs collected			Implementation costing approach	Primary ICER for implementation strategy/ies
				Materials	Staff time	Training
Barasa 2011 [31] Kenya	Healthcare provider	18	Quality improvement	✓	✓	✓	Top-down	Cost per percentage gain in mean quality improvement
Costanza 2000 [28] USA	Societal and health payer	36	Adoption	✓	✓		Top-down	Cost per additional regular user of the intervention
Edwards 2022 [30] UK	Societal	18	Adoption	✓	✓	✓	Top-down	Cost per preterm baby delivered
Bird 1990 [29] USA	Not recorded	9	Adoption	✓	✓		Top-down	Cost per additional screening test delivered
Kaner 2003 [26] UK	Not recorded	3	Adoption	✓	✓	✓	Top-down	Cost per appropriate intervention delivered
Wagner 2021 [23] Uganda	Not recorded	12	Penetration	✓	✓	✓	Top-down	Cost per additional person treated using appropriate method
Meenan 2015 [27] USA	Healthcare system	24	Adoption	✓	✓		Bottom-up	Cost per participant current for screening
Claes 2006 [25] Belgium	Health payer	6	Penetration	✓	✓	✓	Bottom-up	Cost per day within international normalized ratio range (for patients on anticoagulant therapy)
Nichols 2020 [24] Malawi	Not recorded	3	Penetration	✓	✓	✓	Bottom-up	Cost per newly identified positive case; and cost per patient initiated on treatment
Barbosa 2022 [22] USA	Healthcare provider	12 and 60	Penetration	✓	✓	✓	Bottom-up	Cost per additional positive screen

ICER Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio