Table 1.
Racial and Ethnic Differences for Patient‐level Characteristics Among Hospitalized Patients With Acute Stroke
| NHW, % (n=259 805) | NHB, % (n=64 456) | Hispanic, % (n=24 025) | Absolute standardized differences | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NHW vs NHB | NHW vs Hispanic | ||||
| Age, y, mean±SD | 64.5±14.9 | 59.6±14.3 | 56.4±16.5 | 0.33* | 0.52* |
| Female sex | 44.9 | 47.5 | 42.4 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertensive diseases | 27.0 | 31.1 | 23.1 | 0.09 | 0.09 |
| Chronic ischemic heart disease | 11.3 | 8.6 | 7.1 | 0.09 | 0.14* |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 19.5 | 15.9 | 12.9 | 0.09 | 0.18* |
| Atherosclerosis | 2.6 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 0.02 | 0.04 |
| Arterial thrombosis | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
| Seizures | 2.0 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 0.04 | <0.01 |
| Parkinson disease | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.08 | 0.06 |
| Multiple sclerosis | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
| Alzheimer disease | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
| Hemiplegia | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
| Paraplegia | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.02 | <0.01 |
| Peripheral neuropathy | 2.9 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 0.03 | 0.045 |
| Neurogenic bladder | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
| Neurogenic bowel | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Constipation | 4.9 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 0.01 | <0.01 |
| Type 1 diabetes | 1.4 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 12.9 | 16.7 | 15.9 | 0.11* | 0.09 |
| Obesity | 6.4 | 6.7 | 6.1 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Depression | 7.8 | 5.6 | 6.0 | 0.09 | 0.07 |
| Anxiety | 7.8 | 4.3 | 5.4 | 0.15* | 0.10 |
| Sleep disorders | 7.5 | 5.9 | 5.6 | 0.06 | 0.07 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 6.1 | 4.8 | 2.3 | 0.06 | 0.12* |
| Asthma | 3.0 | 4.1 | 2.6 | 0.06 | 0.03 |
| Acute kidney failure | 5.3 | 7.5 | 5.3 | 0.09 | <0.01 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 7.2 | 10.6 | 7.3 | 0.12 | <0.01 |
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia | 3.5 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 0.08 | 0.08 |
| Neoplasm | 14.1 | 10.3 | 9.3 | 0.12* | 0.15* |
| Prior medication use | |||||
| Anticonvulsants | 11.1 | 11.4 | 10.6 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
| CNS stimulants | 2.0 | 1.2 | 2.0 | 0.07 | <0.01 |
| SSRI/SNRIs | 13.4 | 9.0 | 10.0 | 0.14* | 0.11* |
| Laxatives | 16.8 | 18.7 | 16.6 | 0.05 | 0.01 |
| α Blockers | 4.7 | 3.7 | 3.4 | 0.05 | 0.06 |
| Urinary antispasmodic | 7.2 | 10.6 | 7.3 | 0.12 | <0.01 |
| Melatonin | 3.4 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 0.04 | <0.01 |
| Tizanidine | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| Baclofen | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Insulin | 9.6 | 12.7 | 12.3 | 0.10* | 0.09 |
| Prior clinical data | |||||
| Hemoglobin A1c | |||||
| 0%–5.70% | 3.7 | 4.0 | 3.1 | 0.02 | 0.04 |
| 5.70%–6.50% | 4.4 | 5.6 | 4.0 | 0.06 | 0.02 |
| 6.50%–9.0% | 4.6 | 5.8 | 4.5 | 0.05 | <0.01 |
| >9.0% | 2.0 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 0.08 | 0.07 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | |||||
| <140 | 29.1 | 23.1 | 18.0 | 0.14* | 0.26* |
| 140–180 | 22.5 | 21.5 | 13.1 | 0.03 | 0.25* |
| 180–220 | 5.4 | 7.7 | 3.7 | 0.09 | 0.08 |
| >220 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.07 | 0.01 |
| LDL cholesterol in serum or plasma, mg/dL | 13.3 | 13.5 | 9.7 | 0.15 | 0.01 |
| 0–70 | 4.4 | 3.7 | 3.3 | 0.04 | 0.06 |
| 71–189 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 6.8 | 0.02 | 0.10* |
| >190 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.02 | <0.01 |
| Prior health care use | |||||
| Prior hospitalization | 23.3 | 19.6 | 21.3 | 0.09 | 0.04 |
Prior data were collected in the year preceding the indexed stroke. CNS indicates central nervous system; NHB, non‐Hispanic Black; NHW, non‐Hispanic White; SNRI, serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; and SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
*
Clinically important differences based on absolute standardized differences ≥0.1.