Table 2.
Association Between BPV and Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes (Odds Ratio and 95% CI)*
| All subjects | Systolic BP | Diastolic BP | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SD | ARV | CV | SD | ARV | CV | |
| Maternal outcomes | ||||||
| Gestational hypertension | 1.49 (1.44–1.54) | 1.40 (1.34–1.47) | 1.62 (1.56–1.68) | 1.57 (1.51–1.63) | 1.65 (1.57–1.73) | 1.40 (1.36–1.44) |
| 1.78 (1.70–1.88) | 2.15 (2.01–2.27) | |||||
| Preeclampsia | 1.13 (1.06–1.19) | ‐ | 1.14 (1.06–1.21) | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | ‐ | 1.03 (0.97–1.09) |
| Severe hypertension | 2.20 (1.98–2.46) | ‐ | ‐ | 1.98 (1.79–2.20) | 1.40 (1.26–1.55) | ‐ |
| Maternal composite | 1.08 (1.03–1.14) | ‐ | ‐ | 1.08 (1.02–1.13) | 1.05 (1.00–1.11) | ‐ |
| Maternal death | 1.23 (0.96–1.59) | 1.19 (0.94–1.50) | ‐ | 1.39 (1.14–1.70) | 1.35 (1.14–1.60) | ‐ |
| Maternal morbidity | 1.08 (1.02–1.13) | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | ‐ | 1.08 (1.02–1.13) | 1.05 (1.00–1.10) | ‐ |
| Perinatal outcomes | ||||||
| Preterm birth | 1.01 (0.98–1.06) | 1.07 (1.03–1.11) | ‐ | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 1.05 (1.02–1.10) | ‐ |
| BPV fourth vs first quartile | 1.01 (0.89–1.14) | ‐ | 1.00 (0.89–1.13) | 1.11 (0.98–1.25) | ‐ | 1.16 (1.03–1.31) |
| 0.96 (0.86–1.08) | 0.97 (0.86–1.09) | 0.95 (0.85–1.07) | 0.95 (0.84–1.08) | |||
| SGA infants | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| BPV fourth vs first quartile | 1.12 (1.03–1.23) | ‐ | 1.12 (1.02–1.23) | 1.15 (1.06–1.26) | ‐ | 1.14 (1.05–1.25) |
| 1.35 (1.16–1.58) | 1.26 (1.08–1.47) | 1.32 (1.14–1.54) | 1.38 (1.17–1.61) | |||
| LBW | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| BPV fourth vs first quartile | 1.31 (1.11–1.53) | ‐ | 1.22 (1.04–1.44) | 1.28 (1.09–1.50) | ‐ | 1.39 (1.18–1.63) |
| Fetal distress | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| BPV fourth vs first quartile | 1.05 (0.98–1.12) | ‐ | 1.05 (0.98–1.12) | 1.19 (1.11–1.27) | ‐ | 1.22 (1.14–1.30) |
| Perinatal composite | 1.08 (1.04–1.13) | 1.06 (1.02–1.11) | ‐ | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) | 1.05 (1.01–1.10) | ‐ |
| Stillbirth | 1.12 (1.04–1.20) | 1.12 (1.05–1.20) | ‐ | 1.10 (1.03–1.18) | 1.12 (1.05–1.20) | ‐ |
| Early NND | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) | ‐ | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) | ‐ |
| Late NND | 1.11 (0.95–1.30) | 1.07 (0.91–1.25) | ‐ | 1.03 (0.88–1.20) | 1.03 (0.89–1.20) | ‐ |
| Neonatal morbidity | 1.09 (1.04–1.15) | 1.05 (1.00–1.10) | ‐ | 1.05 (1.00–1.10) | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) | ‐ |
| Apgar score | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| BPV fourth vs first quartile | 0.66 (0.33–1.31) | ‐ | 0.57 (0.28–1.14) | 0.84 (0.44–1.62) | ‐ | 0.80 (0.39–1.66) |
| Pregnancy composite | 1.16 (1.04–1.30) | ‐ | 1.13 (1.02–1.25) | 1.07 (1.03–1.11) | 1.06 (1.02–1.09) | ‐ |
| 1.10 (1.06–1.14) | ||||||
| Subjects with hypertension | Systolic BP | Diastolic BP | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SD | ARV | CV | SD | ARV | CV | |
| Maternal outcomes | ||||||
| Gestational hypertension | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Preeclampsia | 1.23 (1.04–1.44) | 1.29 (1.10–1.53) | ‐ | 1.33 (1.13–1.56) | 1.32 (1.11–1.57) | ‐ |
| Severe hypertension | 1.80 (1.47–2.20) | 1.60 (1.32–1.94) | ‐ | 1.42 (1.17–1.71) | 1.29 (1.07–1.57) | ‐ |
| Maternal composite | 1.27 (0.91–1.78) | 1.25 (0.92–1.69) | ‐ | 1.25 (0.88–1.75) | 1.17 (0.86–1.61) | ‐ |
| 1.26 (1.02–1.56) | 1.02 (0.82–1.28) | 1.02 (0.82–1.28) | 1.20 (0.97–1.48) | |||
| Maternal death | 2.07 (1.14–3.76) | 1.69 (1.05–2.71) | ‐ | 1.99 (0.74–5.37) | 1.97 (0.94–4.12) | ‐ |
| Maternal morbidity | 1.23 (0.98–1.53) | 0.98 (0.77–1.25) | ‐ | 1.40 (1.12–1.76) | 1.21 (0.97–1.50) | ‐ |
| Perinatal outcomes | ||||||
| Preterm birth | 1.18 (1.00–1.39) | 1.21 (1.03–1.43) | ‐ | 0.90 (0.76–1.07) | 0.95 (0.81–1.12) | ‐ |
| SGA infants | 1.03 (0.86–1.23) | 1.00 (0.85–1.19) | ‐ | 0.84 (0.70–1.01) | 0.88 (0.73–1.06) | ‐ |
| Perinatal composite | 1.05 (0.89–1.24) | 1.17 (0.99–1.38) | ‐ | 0.85 (0.72–1.01) | 0.93 (0.78–1.10) | ‐ |
| 1.19 (0.93–1.52) | 1.13 (0.95–1.36) | 1.09 (0.91–1.31) | 1.00 (0.82–1.21) | |||
| Stillbirth | 1.23 (0.79–1.92) | 1.48 (1.03–2.13) | ‐ | 1.08 (0.68–1.72) | 1.29 (0.91–1.83) | ‐ |
| 1.08 (0.76–1.52) | 1.05 (0.83–1.35) | 1.05 (0.80–1.36) | 0.95 (0.71–1.26) | |||
| Early NND | 1.32 (0.71–2.42) | 1.03 (0.74–1.44) | ‐ | 1.13 (0.80–1.61) | 1.03 (0.71–1.50) | ‐ |
| Late NND | 1.24 (0.98–1.56) | 1.39 (0.85–2.25) | ‐ | 0.80 (0.40–1.62) | 0.99 (0.49–1.97) | ‐ |
| Neonatal morbidity | 1.03 (0.87–1.22) | 1.13 (0.96–1.33) | ‐ | 0.84 (0.70–1.00) | 0.89 (0.75–1.06) | ‐ |
| 1.21 (0.89–1.66) | 1.29 (1.02–1.63) | 1.14 (0.89–1.45) | 1.13 (0.89–1.45) | |||
| Pregnancy composite | 1.32 (1.12–1.56) | 1.14 (0.96–1.35) | ‐ | 1.21 (1.03–1.43) | 1.09 (0.92–1.29) | ‐ |
ARV indicates average real variability; BP, blood pressure; BPV, blood pressure variability; CV, coefficient of variation; LBW, low birth weight; NND, neonatal death; and SGA, small‐for‐gestational age.
(−) indicates that no data were available. Individual cells' effect estimates reflect results from 1 single study.
*
The odds ratios and 95% CIs reflect the relationship between BPV as a continuous variable and outcomes as presented by studies, or as the fourth quartile of BPV versus the first (as presented by 2 studies).