Table 1.
Baseline Clinical and Echocardiographic Characteristics
| Clinical characteristics | Overall N=291 | Optimal N=103 | Mixed N=125 | Poor N=63 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 76.7 [10.6] | 77.7 [10.2] | 77.4 [9.0] | 73.8 [13.6] | 0.04* |
| Female sex | 126 (43.3) | 42 (40.8) | 52 (41.6) | 32 (50.8) | 0.39 |
| Hypertension | 207 (71.1) | 77 (74.8) | 89 (71.2) | 41 (65.1) | 0.41 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 174 (60.2) | 58 (56.9) | 74 (59.7) | 42 (66.7) | 0.45 |
| Smoking | 43 (14.8) | 12 (11.7) | 22 (17.6) | 9 (14.3) | 0.44 |
| Coronary artery disease | 106 (36.4) | 37 (35.9) | 43 (34.4) | 26 (41.3) | 0.64 |
| Frailty | 201 (69.1) | 67 (65.0) | 94 (75.2) | 40 (63.5) | 0.14 |
| Diabetes | 80 (27.5) | 28 (27.2) | 31 (24.8) | 21 (33.3) | 0.46 |
| Prior stroke | 36 (12.4) | 11 (10.7) | 14 (11.2) | 11 (17.5) | 0.38 |
| Dialysis | 19 (6.5) | 3 (2.8) | 10 (8.3) | 6 (9.7) | 0.12 |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 50 (17.2) | 15 (14.6) | 21 (16.9) | 14 (22.2) | 0.44 |
| Prior pacemaker | 46 (15.8) | 9 (8.7) | 26 (20.8) | 11 (17.5) | 0.04* |
| Prior implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator | 45 (15.5) | 12 (11.7) | 20 (16.0) | 13 (20.6) | 0.29 |
| Prior coronary artery bypass graft | 68 (23.4) | 26 (25.2) | 27 (21.6) | 15 (23.8) | 0.80 |
| Prior percutaneous coronary intervention | 64 (22.0) | 22 (21.4) | 26 (20.8) | 16 (25.4) | 0.75 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.1 [6.0] | 25.5 [5.5] | 26.0 [5.6] | 27.5 [7.4] | 0.10 |
| New York Heart Association class | |||||
| III | 185 (64.9) | 72 (71.3) | 78 (63.9) | 35 (56.5) | 0.43 |
| IV | 40 (14.0) | 11 (10.9) | 16 (13.1) | 13 (21.0) | |
| STS risk MV replacement (%) | 7.3 [6.5] | 6.9 [5.4] | 7.1 [5.2] | 8.4 [10.1] | 0.41 |
| STS risk MV repair (%) | 5.3 [5.6] | 5.0 [4.7] | 5.1 [4.7] | 6.0 [8.2] | 0.52 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.5 [2.1] | 11.9 [1.7] | 11.5 [2.0] | 10.7 [1.8] | <0.001* |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.6 [1.1] | 1.5 [1.1] | 1.7 [1.0] | 1.7 [1.2] | 0.17 |
| Echocardiographic characteristics | |||||
| MR cause | |||||
| Primary | 156 (53.6) | 69 (67.0) | 61 (48.8) | 26 (41.3) | 0.001* |
| Secondary | 108 (37.2) | 29 (28.2) | 49 (39.2) | 30 (47.6) | 0.03* |
| Mixed | 27 (9.3) | 5 (4.9) | 15 (12.0) | 7 (11.1) | 0.15 |
| MR severity | |||||
| Moderate–severe | 59 (20.3) | 23 (22.3) | 25 (20.0) | 11 (17.5) | 0.43 |
| Severe | 232 (79.7) | 80 (77.7) | 100 (80.0) | 52 (82.5) | |
| Mitral valve area, cm2 | 5.2 [1.7] | 5.2 [1.7] | 5.3 [1.6] | 5.2 [1.8] | 0.81 |
| Tricuspid regurgitation≥moderate | 109 (37.5) | 15 (14.6) | 47 (37.6) | 47 (74.6) | <0.001* |
| Pulmonary artery systolic pressure, mm Hg | 52.8 [17.6] | 47.7 [17.3] | 55.0 [16.9] | 56.6 [17.7] | 0.004* |
| Mitral annular calcification | 92 (31.6) | 30 (29.1) | 43 (34.4) | 19 (30.2) | 0.66 |
| Right atrial pressure, mm Hg | 11.6 [5.8] | 10.0 [5.2] | 12.0 [5.9] | 13.4 [5.8] | 0.002* |
| Left ventricle ejection fraction (%) | 51.3 [14.6] | 53.5 [13.6] | 50.5 [15.4] | 49.1 [14.5] | 0.12 |
| LVIDs, cm | 3.7 [1.1] | 3.7 [1.0] | 3.7 [1.2] | 3.8 [1.2] | 0.68 |
| LVIDd, cm | 5.3 [0.9] | 5.3 [0.8] | 5.3 [0.9] | 5.2 [1.2] | 0.95 |
| LA volume, mL | 118.5 [52.2] | 108.9 [46.5] | 119.4 [51.5] | 132.3 [59.4] | 0.02* |
| LA volume index, mL/m2 | 62.9 [25.5] | 58.6 [22.7] | 62.8 [24.5] | 70.0 [30.3] | 0.02* |
Values are expressed as mean [SD] or N (%). LA indicates left atrium; LVIDs/d, left ventricle internal diameter (systole/diastole); MR, mitral regurgitation; and STS, Society for Thoracic Surgeons.
*
P value is significant if <0.05.