Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics Overall and by Presence of Incident Right Heart Failure at 1 Month
| Characteristic | Overall | Missing or unknown, n (%) | Right heart failure at 1 mo | P value† | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | Transient | Persistent | ||||
| Number* | 8076 | 5636 | 1602 | 422 | ||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, y | 59 [49–66] | 0 (0%) | 58 [48–66] | 60 [51–67] | 59 [49–65] | <0.001 |
| Female sex | 1724 (21.3%) | 0 (0%) | 1194 (21.2%) | 344 (21.5%) | 98 (23.2%) | 0.61 |
| Race | 252 (3.1%) | 0.004 | ||||
| White | 5173 (66.1%) | 3639 (66.9%) | 973 (62.2%) | 265 (63.9%) | ||
| Black | 2069 (26.4%) | 1383 (25.4%) | 478 (30.6%) | 124 (29.9%) | ||
| Asian | 137 (1.8%) | 97 (1.8%) | 27 (1.7%) | 6 (1.4%) | ||
| Other | 448 (5.7%) | 322 (5.9%) | 86 (5.5%) | 20 (4.8%) | ||
| Hispanic ethnicity | 539 (6.7%) | 204 (2.5%) | 361 (6.6%) | 126 (8.0%) | 32 (7.8%) | 0.106 |
| Device strategy | 0 (0.0%) | 0.005 | ||||
| Destination therapy | 3911 (48.4%) | 2709 (48.1%) | 828 (51.7%) | 179 (42.4%) | ||
| Bridge to transplant | 2142 (26.5%) | 1522 (27.0%) | 391 (24.4%) | 131 (31.0%) | ||
| Bridge to candidacy | 1987 (24.6%) | 1380 (24.5%) | 372 (23.2%) | 112 (26.5%) | ||
| Other | 36 (0.4%) | 25 (0.4%) | 11 (0.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
| INTERMACS profile | 0 (0.0%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Critical cardiogenic shock (1) | 1189 (14.7%) | 723 (12.8%) | 325 (20.3%) | 82 (19.4%) | ||
| Progressive decline (2) | 2778 (34.4%) | 1809 (32.1%) | 638 (39.8%) | 167 (39.6%) | ||
| Stable, inotrope‐dependent (3) | 3033 (37.6%) | 2241 (39.8%) | 517 (32.3%) | 135 (32.0%) | ||
| Resting symptoms or lesser severity (4–7) | 1076 (13.3%) | 863 (15.3%) | 122 (7.6%) | 38 (9.0%) | ||
| Device type | 0 (0.0%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Axial flow | 5404 (66.9%) | 3839 (68.1%) | 1017 (63.5%) | 243 (57.6%) | ||
| Centrifugal flow | 2672 (33.1%) | 1797 (31.9%) | 585 (36.5%) | 179 (42.4%) | ||
| Patient characteristics | ||||||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.68 [23.84–32.58] | 26 (0.3%) | 27.52 [23.72–32.32] | 27.86 [23.80–33.07] | 28.30 [24.74–33.68] | 0.004 |
| Diabetes, severe by INTERMACS | 353 (4.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 248 (4.4%) | 68 (4.2%) | 12 (2.8%) | 0.31 |
| CKD, INTERMACS classification | 565 (7.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 344 (6.1%) | 153 (9.6%) | 33 (7.8%) | <0.001 |
| Primary cardiac disease cause | 67 (0.8%) | 0.581 | ||||
| Ischemic cardiomyopathy | 3264 (42.5%) | 2266 (42.3%) | 672 (44.2%) | 164 (40.7%) | ||
| Idiopathic | 2602 (33.9%) | 1797 (33.5%) | 516 (33.9%) | 139 (34.5%) | ||
| Infectious/inflammatory | 225 (2.9%) | 164 (3.1%) | 42 (2.8%) | 9 (2.2%) | ||
| Toxic cardiomyopathy | 139 (1.8%) | 97 (1.8%) | 27 (1.8%) | 10 (2.5%) | ||
| Other specified cause | 1448 (18.9%) | 1039 (19.4%) | 263 (17.3%) | 81 (20.1%) | ||
| Cardiovascular parameters | ||||||
| LV ejection fraction <20% | 5410 (69.9%) | 335 (4.1%) | 3787 (70.1%) | 1059 (69.0%) | 275 (67.6%) | 0.426 |
| Severe RV dysfunction | 901 (13.6%) | 1439 (17.8%) | 592 (12.9%) | 188 (14.0%) | 66 (18.9%) | 0.005 |
| Inotrope use | 6766 (84.1%) | 27 (0.3%) | 4597 (81.9%) | 1426 (89.3%) | 381 (90.3%) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 105 [95–116] | 128 (1.5%) | 105 [95–116] | 105 [95–116] | 106 [97–118] | 0.11 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 65 [58–73] | 148 (1.8%) | 65 [58–73] | 65 [58–73] | 65 [58–73] | 0.915 |
| Prior tricuspid valve repair/replacement | 52 (0.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 30 (0.5%) | 13 (0.8%) | 6 (1.4%) | 0.054 |
| Temporary mechanical circulatory support | 2144 (31.4%) | 1238 (15.3%) | 1312 (28.2%) | 583 (40.2%) | 144 (38.2%) | <0.001 |
| IABP | 1399 (17.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 935 (16.6%) | 309 (19.3%) | 90 (21.3%) | 0.004 |
| ECMO | 200 (2.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 114 (2.0%) | 64 (4.0%) | 16 (3.8%) | <0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 386 (4.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 256 (4.5%) | 89 (5.6%) | 29 (6.9%) | 0.038 |
| Laboratory values | ||||||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.3 [9.7–12.7] | 23 (0.3%) | 11.5 [9.9–12.8] | 10.6 [9.2–12.2] | 10.5 [9.3–12.0] | <0.001 |
| WBC, 103/μL | 7.8 [6.3–10.0] | 22 (0.3%) | 7.7 [6.2–9.8] | 8.2 [6.6–10.7] | 8.2 [6.4–10.6] | <0.001 |
| Platelets, 103/μL | 190 [146–243] | 28 (0.3%) | 191 [148–246] | 186 [138–239] | 179 [132–228] | <0.001 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.9 [0.6–1.5] | 359 (4.4%) | 0.9 [0.6–1.4] | 1.1 [0.7–1.8] | 1.0 [0.7–1.7] | <0.001 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 24 [17–35] | 27 (0.3%) | 23 [17–33] | 27 [19–39] | 28 [19–44] | <0.001 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 1.2 [1.0–1.6] | 7 (0.1%) | 1.2 [1.0–1.6] | 1.3 [1.1–1.7] | 1.4 [1.1–1.9] | <0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 64 [47–85] | 7 (0.1%) | 66 [48–87] | 58 [43–78] | 54 [38–74] | <0.001 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 3.5 [3.1–3.8] | 443 (5.5%) | 3.5 [3.1–3.9] | 3.3 [2.9–3.8] | 3.4 [3.0–3.8] | <0.001 |
Median [interquartile range] is given for continuous variables, and n (%) for categorical variables. BUN indicates blood urea nitrogen; CKD, chronic kidney disease; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IABP, intraaortic balloon pump; INTERMACS, Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support; LV, left ventricular; RV, right ventricular; and WBC, white blood cells.
*
Overall column includes individuals who did not have a follow‐up visit within the 1‐mo ascertainment window but did have later follow‐up visit; thus, the number overall is greater than the sum of the 3 other groups.
†
Statistical comparisons were performed using the nonparametric 1‐way ANOVA for continuous variables, and χ2 test for categorical variables.