Table 4. Intestinal bacteria interact with FMT.
| Author | Sample size | Donor | Recipient | Transplantation technique | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Park et al., 2021) (Li et al., 2023) |
Case study (n = 1) | 27-year-old healthy man | 90-year-old woman with AD and severe CDC | Colonoscopy (60 g of stool suspension for 2 times). | ↑ Cognititve function tests (MMSE, MCA and CDR tests) ↑ Microbiota α diversity = Microbiota β diversity ↑ SCFAs |
| (Kim et al., 2021) (Zhao et al., 2016) | Mice (n = 8) | 5xFAD mice | C57BL/6 mice | Oral gavage (200 µl for 5 consecutive days) | ↓ Adult hippocampal neurogenesis and BDNF expression ↑ p21 expression ↑ Microgia activation ↑ TNF-α and IL-1β |
| (Sun et al., 2019) (Wang et al., 2021b) | Mice (n = 8) | WT mice | APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic (Tg) mouse model | Intragastrically (0.2 mL of fresh fecal solution once daily for 4 weeks) | ↑ Cognititve function (MWM and ORT tests) ↓ Amyloid β brain deposition (Aβ40 and Aβ42) ↓ Tau protein phosphorylation ↑ Synaptic plasticity (increased PSD-95 and synapsin C) ↓ COX2 and CD11b |
| (Elangovan, Borody & Holsinger, 2022) (Guo et al., 2020b) | Mice (n = 16) | B6SJL mice | 5xFAD mice | Oral gavage (200 µL of supernatant over a period of seven days) | ↑ SCFA and microbiota composition ↑ Cognitive function (increase clearance of cortical Aβ, decreased amyloid burden and amyloid plaque) ↑ spatial memory levels (D1 and FAY) ↑ Mood |
| (Park et al., 2022) Fu (2023) | Mice (n = 10) | no gastrointestinal problems or other health problems | (age range, 63–90 years; female, 80%) with dementia and severe CDI | Colonoscopy (60 g of stool suspension). | ↑ Cognititve function (MMSE) ↑ clinical symptoms (CDR-SB) ↑ the bacterial richness oogut microbiota (proteobacteria and Bacteroides) |
| (Wang et al., 2022) (Weijie, Xingfei & He, 2021) | Mice (n = 16) | Six AD (age range, 72.2 years)/APP/PS1 mice | C57BL/6J mice(Male, 6-week-old) | Infusion (200 µL of bacterial suspension, Once every 2 days for 2 weeks.) | ↓ Cognititve function ↑ plasma TMAO ↓ RA of Bacteroidetes ↑ RA of Firmicutes ↑ cortical perk ↑ EIF2α phosphorylation |
| (Holsinger & Elangovan, 2020) (Minter et al., 2017) | Mice (n = 16) | healthy, wild type mice | 5 XF AD transgenic mice | FMT infusion (for seven days) | ↑ Cognititve function ↓ amyloid pathology |
| (Zhou et al., 2019) (Wenbin, 2019) | Mice (n = 6) | XAN | AXF and ASF group mice | intragastrical administrated with fecal suspension (1 g/kg body weight) | ↑ spatial memory ability (Morris Water Maze Test) ↓ hippocampal neuronal loss ↓ the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes the relative abundances of Clostridium IV, Enterohabdus, Coriobacterium, Corynebacterium, Desulfovibrio, and Defluvitalea ↑ the ratio of Methanomassilicoccus, Azoarcus, Phycisphaera, Acetobacteroides, and Alloprevotella |
Notes.
- APPSWE/PS1L166P
- APPPS1-21
- BDNF
- brain derived neurotrophic factor
- CDI
- Clostridioides difficile infection
- CDR
- Clinical Dementia Rating assessment
- APPPS1
- raised transgenic APPPS1 mice
- COX2
- cyclooxygenase 2
- FMT
- fecal microbiota transplantation
- LPS
- lipopolysaccharide
- MCA
- Montreal Cognitive Assessment
- MMSE
- Mini-Mental State Examination
- MWM
- Morris water maze test
- DI
- Discrimination Index
- CDR-SB
- Clinical Dementia Rating scale Sum of Boxes
- FAY
- forced alternation Y-maze
- ORT
- object recognition test
- MoCA
- Montreal Cognitive Assessment
- SCFAs
- short chain fatty acids
- ↑
- increase
- ↓
- decrease