Table 2:
Functions of genes escaping epigenetic reprogramming in growth, fertility, cardiac disorders, and neurodevelopment
| Gene ID | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| ADGRV1 | Associated with several forms of epilepsy | [100] |
| ASTN2 | Codes for a membrane protein implicated in synaptic function; associated with intellectual disability, attention-defict hyperactivity disorder, Alzheimer’s disease, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, response to anti-psychotic treatment, anhedonia, neuroticism, and mood instability | [52, 60, 101–103] |
| Associated with cardiometabolic traits such as blood pressure and obesity | [104] | |
| AUTS2 | A crucial gene associated with a wide range of neuropsychological disorders, including autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, schizophrenia, and epilepsy | [105] |
| AXDND1 | Required for spermatid differentiation; associated with male sterility | [83] |
| BRINP3 | Involved in anxiety response and sociability in mice | [106] |
| CAP2 | Controls dendritic spine morphology and synaptic plasticity | [107] |
| Associated with body height in sheep | [108] | |
| CATSPER3 | Crucial for sperm motility, associated with male fertility | [109] |
| CDH12 | Affects axon extension; associated with Bipolar Disease, schizophrenia, and dependency from methamphetamine and alcohol | [110] |
| Associated with bone growth in chickens | [111] | |
| CFAP299 | Involved in spermatogenesis, a candidate cause of male infertility | [112] |
| CNTN5 | Involved in the development of the cerebral cortex; associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, anorexia nervosa, and substance abuse | [47, 113–115] |
| CNTNAP2 | Associated with autism spectrum disorders and epilepsy | [50, 116, 117] |
| COL19A1 | Involved in the formation of hippocampal synapses and perineuronal nets | [58] |
| Encodes a type XIX collagen and regulates muscle development | [38] | |
| Regulates cardiac extracellular matrix structure and ventricular function in mice | [40] | |
| CSGALNACT1 | Required for normal cartilage development; associated with mild skeletal dysplasia | [118] |
| Involved in neuronal regeneration and plasticity; knockdown alters social behavior in mice | [119, 120] | |
| CTNNA3 | Associated with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, autism spectrum disorder susceptibility, and schizophrenia | [48, 49, 121] |
| DMC within this gene found to be associated with male fertility | [68] | |
| Involved in dilated cardiomyopathy-associated phosphorylation | [122] | |
| Associated with weight, height, body length, and chest circumference in Hu sheep | [108] | |
| DIRAS3 | Its DMR considered a marker of sperm DNA damage, thus associated with idiopathic male infertility | [35] |
| Regulates growth, development, and adipogenesis. | [41] | |
| DLG2 | Associated with intellectual disability, behavioral disorders, and Parkinson’s disease | [57, 123] |
| Associated with testis development and male fertility in mice | [124] | |
| IL1RAP | Involved in neuronal synapse and neuronal development; associated with Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia | [53, 125, 126] |
| LOC105602588 | Uncharacterized | |
| LOC101123029 | Uncharacterized | |
| LOC105613000 | Uncharacterized | |
| LPAR1 | Essential for maintaining the normal functions of the central nervous system; alterations in function or expression associated with neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders and brain cancer | [61] |
| Associated with semen quality in Holstein–Freisian bulls | [63] | |
| LRRIQ3 | Associated with schizophrenia, migraine, and severe intellectual disability | [54, 127, 128] |
| Associated with muscle development in swine | [129] | |
| NOD1 | Plays a critical role in the control of host defense and inflammation in particular during intracerebral hemorrhage | [130, 131] |
| SCLT1 | Ciliary gene whose mutations are associated with ciliopathy phenotypes (as oro-facio-digital syndrome type IX, Senior–Loken syndrome, Bardet–Biedl syndrome); associated with alcohol use behavior in trauma-exposed human populations | [132, 133] |
| SEC23IP | Associated with intellectual disability, craniofacial and brain malformations, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | [51, 128] |
| Required for spermiogenesis | [45] | |
| STAG1 | Cohesin subunit participating in sister chromatid cohesion and 3D genome organization; associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and syndromic intellectual disability | [55, 134, 135] |
| STK32B | Associated with anxiety disorders in adolescents and with essential tremor | [136, 137] |
| Associated with sperm concentration in bovine | [138] | |
| SVEP1 | Associated with coronary artery disease | [139, 140] |
| THOC1 | Involved in presynaptic development and plays roles in dopamine neuron survival, associated with herding behavior (fear) in dogs | [64, 65] |
| Required for testis and embryo development in mice | [66, 141] | |
| TLL1 | Under stress conditions, indirectly affects neurogenesis; proposed as a susceptibility gene for post-traumatic stress disorder | [142, 143] |
| TLN2 | Associated with depression and Alzheimer’s disease | [142, 143] |
| Associated with cardiomyopathy | [144] | |
| TMEM245 | Associated with schizophrenia (often found as C9orf5) | [48] |
| TNNI3K | Implicated in several cardiac phenotypes and diseases, such as cardiomyopathy; deletion reduces infarct size and cardiomyocyte death | [145] |
| ZBTB20 | Involved in astrocytogenesis during mammalian neocortical development; hypermethylation associated with major depressive disorder | [56, 146] |
| Associated with cryptorchidism | [147] |