Fig. 2. Temporal trends in Plasmodium falciparum intra-host genetic diversity among first antenatal care users by area and children in Magude.

Intra-host genetic diversity over time in pregnant women attending their first antenatal care (ANC) visit (in red) by area (N = 120 in Magude, n = 64 in Manhiça, n = 105 in Ilha Josina), and children aged 2–10 years old from the community (blue, n = 47). Darker shade of color reflects higher parasite densitiy. Black dots represent Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) parasite rates (PR) by qPCR in the same population with 95% confidence intervals (CI) bars. A Effective multiplicity of infection (eMOI) in first ANC users by area in 0-truncated Poisson regression adjusted for parasitemia (Pf parasites/µl) with 95% CI bands. P values for temporal trend of eMOI in the regression (two-sided test) adjusted for multiple testing. B Monoclonal (eMOI ≤ 1.1) and polyclonal (eMOI>1.1) infections in pregnant women at ANC by area in a logistic regression adjusted for parasite density with 95% CI bands. C 1-F_ws in pregnant women at ANC by area in a logistic regression adjusted for parasitemia with 95% CI bands. D–F eMOI, polyclonality and 1-F_ws in children from Magude, estimated with Poisson and logistic regressions similar to A–C with 95% CI bands. P values in all graphs are for the temporal trend of the given metric in the regression (F test). Adjusted for multiple testing using the Benjamin–Hochberg method, a p value of <0.0062 indicates statistical significance.