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. 2024 Mar 16;15:2405. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-46442-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — The proposed theory indicates polariton-assisted chemical equilibrium modifications are induced by the change in reaction free energy due to the different light–matter interaction of reactants and products. Formally, for a system with fixed volume V (for simplicity), ΔA^Out is the reaction free energy in free space and ΔA^In is the reaction free energy inside a microcavity, so ΔΔA_Rxn is change in the reaction free energy induced by vibrational strong coupling. The figure illustrates the case where reactants are strongly coupled to the considered cavity mode. The reactant free energy is effectively raised leading to an increase in the reaction free energy, and a field-induced shift of the chemical equilibrium towards the products.