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. 2024 Mar 17;14:6406. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-56859-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Dogs’ responses to different scenarios anticipated to elicit emotions varying from positive to negative valence and low to high arousal during the main study. Individual dog responses are indicated by mean valence and arousal ratings provided by three trained dog behaviour coders, with 80% confidence (data) ellipses for each scenario. Valence was scored on a scale from 0 (very negative) to 124 (very positive), and arousal scored from 0 (very low) to 124 (very high), with the midpoint (62) indicated.