Table 3.

Potential biomarkers from proteomics studies in various MH-related disorders

Author name or study ID	Disorder	Protein(s)/biological functions affected	Implications	Source
[22]	AD	GAPDH	Interaction with β-amyloid precursor protein [22]	Various
[24]	AD	Respiratory mitochondrial complex subunits including those from the NDUFA and NDUFB subunits of the enzyme NADH dehydrogenase	Mitochondrial proteomic differences in early-onset and late-onset AD [24]	Brain tissue
Multiple studies: Moya-Alvarado et al. [25–27]	AD	Proteins associated with mitochondria, phosphorylation and oxidation	Impaired glucose metabolism and energy production [25–27]	Multiple studies from blood and brain tissue
Hondius et al. [28]	AD	Calcium-dependent signaling proteins, extracellular matrix components	Protein expression changes in hippocampus [28]	Brain
[138]	AD	Novel peptide sequences identified (SpotLight)	Antibody variable region associations with potential to provide disease origin insights [138]	Blood
[29]	AD	Reduced glucose utilization	Biomarker for AD detection [29]	Brain
Bot et al./Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety	MDD	171 serum proteins and serum analytes	Linked to diverse cell communication, signal transduction processes, immune response and protein metabolism [30]	Serum
Gellen et al.	MDD	Changes in protein abundance	Linked to several biological functions, including inflammation, transcription, cell metabolism and cytoskeleton organization [31]	Animal model
Comes et al. [139]	MDD	141 peptides and analytics analytes with combined m/z 1017, m/z 1042 and m/z 1479	Potential biomarkers	Blood
Multiple studies: [32, 140]; [7, 32]	MDD	DPYSL2 also known as CRMP2; CA2 and ALDOC	Regulating axonal guidance, neuronal growth cone collapse and cell migration [32, 140]; energy metabolism [7, 32]	Studies from blood and brain tissue
[32]	MDD versus SCZ	HINT1 increased in MDD and lower in SCZ.	Differential protein levels in brain of MDD and SCZ patients	Blood and urine
[139]	BD	Alpha-2-macroglobulin, Apolipoprotein A-I and C4b-binding protein alpha chain, Complement C3, Glutathione-S-transferase A3, hemopexin, Immunoglobulin M, Kit ligand, Macrophage migration inhibitory factor, MMP7 and sex hormone-binding globulin	Proteins belonging to the following pathways associated with BD: FXR/RXR activation, LXR/RXR activation, acute phase response signaling, clathrin-mediated endocytosis signaling and atherosclerosis signaling	Blood
Ren et al. [34]	BD versus MDD	Proteins upregulated: B2RAN2, B4E1B2, APOA1, ENG, SBSN and QSOX2. Proteins downregulated: ORM1, MRC2 and SLPI downregulated	B2RAN2 and ENG as potential biomarkers to differentiate BD and MDD	Blood plasma
Ristori et al. [10]	ASD	(APOE and APOA1) and (FN1)	Large presence of apolipoproteins proteins and fibronectin	Studies from blood and brain tissue
Junaid et al. [141]	ASD	Glyoxalase I (Glo1) [141]	Increase in polarity	Brain
[35]	SCZ, ASD and BD	p140Cap protein interactome network associated with the SRCIN1 gene	Common interactome network	Various