Table 8.

Potential biomarkers from imaging studies in various MH-related disorders

Author name or study ID	Disorder	Molecular features/biological functions affected	Study summary/key findings	Source
[77]	Alzheimer’s disease (AD)	Functional and structural MRI	Functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to indicate the changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)	Resting-state functional MRI (rfMRI)
[78, 79]	AD	Many AD patients have amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques present in their brains long before they develop the disease. Amyloid imaging i.e., using PET tracers for detecting changes and amyloid plaques	This amyloid imaging can help with early detection purposes, but are expensive and have a hazard of radiation [78, 79]	PET; PET
[80]	MDD	MRI reveals structural abnormalities in PFC, cingulate cortex, thalamus and hippocampus	These abnormal brain functions may also be associated with the pathogenesis of MDD and could be studied further for early diagnosis and intervention [80]	MRI
[176]	SCZ and BD	Genetic variants of the genes GFAP [159], GLUL [160] and S100B [49, 161] associated with cytoskeletal effects manifested in brain imaging	Potential for use in early detection	Various
Lainhart et al [81]	ASD	White matter microstructure and amygdala growth abnormalities impact brain networks in early life	Potential for use in early detection in ASD	MRI
Sun et al [82]	ADHD	MRIs differentiate ADHD patients from controls based on cortical shape alterations	Potential biomarkers for ADHD	Anatomic and diffusion-tensor magnetic resonance (MR) imaging
Zilcha-Mano et al. [83]	PTSD	Resting state MRIs and ML identify unique brain abnormalities for clinical differentiation and treatment response	Such an approach could be explored further for clinical use to identify clinical symptoms and treatment response [83]	Resting-state magnetic resonance images