Table 5.
Specifications of the studies
| S.no | Study reference | Region | Ethical approval | Sample size | Method of sample size calculation | Calibration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
[47] Ghabbani, H.M., A.A. Marghalani, and H.R. Alabiri 2021 |
Al‑Madinah Al‑Munawara | Yes | 1624 | Not mentioned | Not reported |
| 2 |
[48] Mashyakhy, M 2019 |
Jazan city | Yes | 822 | Not mentioned | Reported |
| 3 |
[49] Mohamed, A.N., et al. 2021 |
Qassim region | Yes | 376 | Not mentioned | Reported |
| 4 |
[50] Alaboodi, R.A., S. Srivastava, and M.Q. Javed 2022 |
Qassim region | Yes | 928 | Reported | |
| 5 |
[51] Al-Dahman, Y., et al. 2019 |
Riyadh | Yes | 454 | Not mentioned | Not reported |
| 6 |
[52] Almohaimede, A., et al. 2022 |
Riyadh | Yes | 1370 | Not mentioned | Reported |
| 7 |
[53] Alobaid, M.A., et al. 2022 |
Saudi-sub population | Yes | 1260 | Not mentioned | Reported |
| 8 |
[54] Alshayban, M., et al. 2022 |
Riyadh | Yes | 1769 | Not mentioned | Reported |
| 9 |
[55] Alqedairi, A., et al. 2018 |
Riyadh | No | 652 | Not mentioned | Reported |
| 10 |
[56] Al‑Zubaidi, S.M., et al. 2021 |
Hail city | Yes | 1000 | Not mentioned | Reported |
| 11 |
[57] Mashyakhy, M 2021 |
Jazan city | Yes | 710 | Not mentioned | Reported |
| 12 |
[86] Maghfuri, S., et al. 2019 |
Southern region of Saudi Arabia | No | 100 | Not mentioned | Not Reported |
| 13 |
[32] Al-Zubaidi, S.M., et al. 2022 |
Hail city | Yes | 1000 | Not mentioned | Not reported |
| 14 |
[89] Elnour, M., A. Khabeer, and E. AlShwaimi 2016 |
Easter province of Saudi Arabia | Yes | 100 | Not mentioned | Not reported |
| 15 |
[58] Alfawaz, H., et al. 2019 |
Riyadh | Yes | 734 | Not mentioned | Reported |
| 16 |
[59] Alghamdi, F.T. and W.A. Khalil 2022 |
Jeddah | Yes | 2400 | Mentioned | Reported |
| 17 |
[60] Mashyakhy, M., et al. 2022 |
Jazan city | Yes | 776 | Not mentioned | Reported |
| 18 |
[61] Alam, F., et al. 2020 |
Sakakah | Yes | 1504 | Not mentioned | Not Reported |
| 19 |
[62] Algarni, Y.A., et al. 2021 |
Aseer region | Yes | 216 | Not mentioned | Reported |
| 20 |
[87] Chourasia, H., et al. 2017 |
Southern region of Saudi Arabia | No | 100 | Not mentioned | Not Reported |
| 21 |
[63] Al-Shehri, S., et al. 2017 |
Riyadh & Dammam | Yes | 351 | Not mentioned | Reported |
| 22 |
[64] Alamri, H.M., et al. 2020 |
Al-kharj | No | 351 | Not mentioned | Not Reported |
| 23 |
[65] Al-Habib, M. and M. Howait 2021 |
Jeddah | Yes | 106 | Not mentioned | Reported |
| 24 |
[88] Alrahabi, M. and M.S. Zafar 2015 |
Al‑Madinah Al‑Munawara | Yes | 100 | Not mentioned | Not Reported |
| 25 |
[66] Al-Fouzan, K.S., et al. 2013 |
Riyadh | No | 470 | Not mentioned | Not Reported |
| 26 |
[67] Mashyakhy, M., et al. 2022 |
Jazan city | Yes | 624 | Not mentioned | Reported |
| 27 |
[68] Mirza, M.B., et al. 2022 |
Al-Kharj | Yes | 86 | Not mentioned | Reported |
| 28 |
[69] Syed, G.A., et al. 2022 |
Jeddah | Yes | 400 | Not mentioned | Not reported |
| 29 |
[90] El Ashiry, E.A. and N.M. Farsi 2018 |
Jeddah | Yes | 100 | Not mentioned | Reported |
| 30 |
[91] Alfouzan, K., et al. 2019 |
Riyadh | Yes | 65 | Not mentioned | Not reported |
| 31 |
[70] Aldosimani, M.A., et al. 2021 |
Riyadh | Yes | 1377 | Not mentioned | Not reported |
| 32 |
[71] Alfawaz, H., et al. 2019 |
Riyadh | No | 1210 | Not mentioned | Reported |
| 33 |
[72] Alnassar, F., et al. 2022 |
Riyadh | Yes | 145 | Not mentioned | Reported |
| 34 |
[73] Mashyakhy, M., et al. 2019 |
Southern region of Saudi Arabia | No | 174 | Not mentioned | Reported |
| 35 |
[74] Mashyakhy, M., et al. 2021 |
Jazan city | Yes | 657 | Not mentioned | Reported |
| 36 |
[75] Al-Alawi, H., et al. 2020 |
Riyadh and Al-kharj | Yes | 741 | Not mentioned | Reported |
| 37 |
[30] Iqbal, A., et al. 2022 |
Sakakah | Yes | 3420 |
Mentioned (G power 3.1.9.4 software) |
Reported |
| 38 |
[76] Mashyakhy, M 2019 |
Jazan city | Yes | 794 | Not mentioned | Reported |
| 39 |
[77] Mirza, M.B 2022 |
Al-kharj | Yes | 1880 | Not mentioned | Reported |
| 40 |
[78] Almohaimede, A.A., et al. 2021 |
Riyadh | Yes | 1328 | Not mentioned | Reported |
| 41 |
[79] Alshammari, S.M., et al. 2023 |
Sakakah | Yes | 286 | Not mentioned | Not reported |
| 42 |
[80] Boreak, N.M., et al. 2022 |
Jazan city | yes | 1666 | Not mentioned | Not reported |
| 43 |
[81] Iqbal, A., et al. 2022 |
Sakakah | Yes | 1443 | Mentioned | Reported |
| 44 |
[82] Alhujhuj, R.R., et al. 2022 |
Al-Asha | Yes | 123 | Not mentioned | Not reported |
| 45 |
[83] Mashyakhy, M., et al. 2020 |
Jazan city | Yes | 1433 | Not mentioned | Reported |
| 46 |
[84] Mashyakhy, M. and A.S. Abu-Melha, 2021 |
Jazan city | Yes | 5223 | Not mentioned | Reported |
| 47 |
[85] Mashyakhy, M. Mashyakhy, M., et al. and G. Gambarini 2019 |
Jazan city | No | 5254 | Not mentioned | Reported |