Table 3. Associated factors (self-system) of the mental health status among the Malaysian youth attending higher educational institutions (N=1171).
|
Variables |
Depressive symptoms |
Anxiety symptoms |
Stress symptoms |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Normal |
Abnormal |
P |
Normal |
Abnormal |
P |
Normal |
Abnormal |
P |
|
|
Age 18-20 years 21-24 years |
370 (52.4) 267 (57.4 |
336 (57.4) 37.1 (42.6) |
0.092 |
262 (37.1) 200 (43.0) |
444 (62.9) 265 (57.0) |
0.043* |
479 (67.8) 323 (69.5) |
227 (32.2) 142 (30.5) |
0.560 |
|
Sex Male Female |
216 (61.5) 421 (51.3) |
135 (38.5) 399 (48.7) |
0.001* |
164 (46.7) 298 (36.3) |
187 (26.4) 522 (63.7) |
<0.001* |
275 (78.3) 527 (68.5) |
76 (21.7) 293 (31.5) |
<0.001* |
|
Race Malay Non-Malay |
397 (54.4) 240 (54.4) |
333 (62.4) 201 (45.6) |
0.990 |
298 (40.8) 164 (37.2) |
432 (59.2) 277 (62.8) |
0.218 |
506 (69.3) 296 (67.1) |
224 (30.7) 145 (32.9) |
0.433 |
|
Religion Muslim Non-Muslim |
420 (53.9) 217(55.4) |
359 (46.1) 175 (44.6) |
0.64 |
308 (39.5) 154 (39.3) |
471 (60.5) 238 (60.7) |
0.934 |
532 (68.3) 270 (68.9) |
247 (31.7) 122 (31.1) |
0.839 |
|
Locality Rural Urban |
223 (55.5) 414(53.8) |
179 (44.5) 355 (46.2) |
0.593 |
159 (39.6) 303 (39.4) |
243 (60.4) 466 (60.6) |
0.960 |
276 (68.7) 526 (68.4) |
126 (31.3) 243 (31.6) |
0.929 |
|
Living arrangement With family Without family |
573 (54.1) 64(57.1) |
486 (45.9) 48 (42.9) |
0.540 |
423 (39.9) 39 (34.8) |
636 (60.1) 73 (65.2) |
0.292 |
724 (68.4) 78 (69.6) |
335 (31.6) 34 (30.4) |
0.782 |
|
Current relationship status Single/in a Relationship Married |
635 (54.4) 2 (66.7) |
533 (45.6) 1 (33.3) |
0.669 |
460 (39.4) 2 (66.7) |
708 (60.6) 1 (33.3) |
0.334 |
799 (68.4) 3 (100.0) |
369 (31.5) 0 (0.00) |
0.239 |
|
Parents’ marital status Married Others |
553 (56.0) 84 (45.9) |
435 (44.0) 99 (54.1) |
0.012* |
402 (40.7) 60 (32.8) |
586 (59.3) 123 (67.2) |
0.045* |
689 (69.7) 113(61.7) |
299 (30.3) 70 (38.5) |
0.033* |
|
Household income ≤RM 4849 RM 4850-10959 ≥RM 10960 |
373 (54.5) 192 (53.9) 72 (55.4) |
312(45.5) 164(46.1) 58 (44.6) |
0.959 |
264 (38.5) 137 (38.5) 61 (46.9) |
421 (61.5) 219(61.5) 69 (53.1) |
0.181 |
466 (68.0) 242 (68.0) 94 (72.3) |
219(32.0) 114(32.0) 36 (27.7) |
0.610 |
|
Institution Public Private |
344 (59.2) 293 (49.7) |
237 (40.8) 297 (50.3) |
0.001* |
211 (35.8) 251 (43.2) |
379 (64.2) 330 (56.8) |
0.009* |
389 (65.9) 413(71.1) |
201 (34.1) 168 (28.9) |
0.058 |
|
Field of study Science Social |
266 (59.1) 371 (51.5) |
184 (40.9) 350 (48.5) |
0.011* |
199 (44.2) 263 (36.5) |
251 (55.8) 458 (63.5) |
0.008“ |
315(70.0) 487 (67.5) |
135 (30.0) 234 (32.5) |
0.379 |
|
Year of study Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 |
289 (54.5) 163 (53.1) 125 (54.6) 60(57.1) |
241 (45.5) 144 (46.9) 104 (45.4) 45(42.9) |
0.911 |
215(40.6) 112(36.5) 90 (39.3) 45 (42.9) |
315(59.4) 195 (63.5) 139 (60.7) 60 (57.1) |
0.589 |
370(69.8) 200 (65.1) 161 (70.3) 71 (67.6) |
160 (31.2) 107 (34.9) 68 (29.7) 34 (32.4) |
0.493 |
|
Substance abuse Smoking/vaping history Yes No |
82(45.3) 555(56.1) |
99 (54.7) 435 (43.9) |
0.008* |
64 (35.4) 398 (34.0) |
117 (64.6) 592 (59.8) |
0.220 |
113(62.4) 689 (69.6) |
68 (37.6) 301 (30.4) |
0.056 |
|
Alcohol intake Yes No |
103 (49.3) 534 (55.5) |
106 (50.7) 428 (44.5) |
0.101 |
390 (40.5) 72 (34.4) |
572 (59.5) 137 (65.6) |
0.102 |
134 (64.1) 668 (69.4) |
75 (31.5) 294 (30.6) |
0.133 |
|
Drug abuse Yes No |
3 (30.0) 634 (54.6) |
7 (70.0) 527 (45.4) |
0.120 |
3 (30.0) 459 (39.5) |
7 (70.0) 702 (60.5) |
0.539 |
4 (40.0) 798 (68.7) |
6 (60.0) 363 (31.3) |
0.051 |
|
Adverse childhood experiences# |
|
|
<0.001* |
|
|
<0.001* |
|
|
<0.001* |
|
Religiosity Organisational religious activity# Non-organisational religious activity# Intrinsic religiosity* |
|
|
0.071* 0.034* 0.006“ |
|
|
0.012* 0.026* 0.017* |
|
|
0.328 0.510 0.220 |
Point-biserial correlation test
Pearson chi-square test
Significant (P<0.05)