Table 2.
Subclinical characteristics of stool in persistent diarrhea children before, during, and after treatment.
| Characteristic | Control group (N = 41) | Clausy group (N = 40) | P value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before treatment | During and after treatment | Before treatment | During and after treatment | Before treatment | During and after treatment | ||||
| Day 0 | Day 3 | Day 5 | Day 0 | Day 3 | Day 5 | Day 0 | Day 3 | Day 5 | |
| Biochemical test n (%) | |||||||||
| Erythrocyte positive (mild to severe) | 10 (24.39) | 2 (4.88) | 1 (2.44) | 9 (22.50) | 4 (10.00) | 2 (5.00) | 0.84b | 0.43a | 0.62a |
| Leukocyte positive (mild to severe) | 35 (85.37) | 22 (53.66) | 6 (14.63) | 32 (80.00) | 6 (15.00) | 1 (2.50) | 0.52b | 0.0005b | 0.11a |
| pH ≤ 5.5 | 16 (39.02) | 12 (29.27) | 7 (17.07) | 18 (45.0) | 12 (30.00) | 8 (20.0) | 0.59b | 0.94b | 0.73b |
| pH > 5.5 | 25 (60.98) | 29 (70.73) | 25 (60.98) | 22 (55.0) | 28 (70.0) | 23 (57.5) | 0.59b | 0.94b | 0.75b |
| 24-pathogen intestinal microbial real-time RT-PCR test n (%) | |||||||||
| Bacteria | 16 (39.02) | 9 (22.50) | 0.11b | ||||||
| Campylobacter spp. | 3 (7.32) | 3 (7.50) | > 0.9999a | ||||||
| Clostridium difficile (toxin A/B) | 4 (9.76) | 4 (10.0) | > 0.9999a | ||||||
| Enteroaggregative E. coli | 4 (9.76) | 1 (2.50) | 0.36a | ||||||
| Enteropathogenic E. coli | 2 (4.88) | 0 (0.00) | 0.49a | ||||||
| Enterotoxigenic E. coli | 1 (2.44) | 0 (0.00) | > 0.9999a | ||||||
| Plesiomonas shigelloides | 1 (2.44) | 0 (0.00) | > 0.9999a | ||||||
| Salmonella spp. | 1 (2.44) | 1 (2.50) | > 0.9999a | ||||||
| Virus | 2 (4.88) | 5 (12.50) | 0.26a | ||||||
| Astrovirus | 0 (0.00) | 1 (2.50) | 0.49a | ||||||
| Norovirus GII | 2 (4.88) | 3 (7.50) | 0.68a | ||||||
| Rotavirus A | 0 (0.00) | 1 (2.50) | 0.49a | ||||||
| Total number of infected patients | 12 (29.27) | 11 (27.50) | 0.86b | ||||||
| Antibiotic usage before diarrhea onset, n (%) | 14 (34.15) | 18 (45.00) | 0.32b | ||||||
| Treatment therapy during hospitalization | |||||||||
| Routine treatment |
– Antibiotics: oral (e.g., Zithromax or Ciprofloxacin) or intervention (e.g., Ceftriaxone, Ciprofloxacin, Metronidazole, or Vancomycin) drugs – Oral rehydration solution (Oremut) – Zinc gluconate |
||||||||
| Supportive treatment | Reverse osmotic (RO) water | RO water plus B. clausii at 2 billion CFU/5 mL (LiveSpo CLAUSY) | |||||||
| Feeding status |
All children receive age-appropriate feeding ∙ For infants < 6 months: breastfeeding is preferred. If formula milk is necessary, use lactose-free milk or hydrolyzed formula if there is no improvement with lactose-free milk after 1 week ∙ For children ≥ 6 months: breastfeeding is used in conjunction with diet (lactose-free with reduced starch such as cooked cereal, vegetables, oil, and glucose. Replace milk protein with other sources like chicken, egg, or protein hydrolysate, ensuring at least 10% of calorie intake from protein) Total calories are estimated to be approximately 100 cal/kg/day |
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aFisher’s exact test.
bChi-square test.
Significant values are in bold.