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. 2024 Mar 17;14:6409. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-57023-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison between mean ± SD of insulin (A), glucose (B), HOMA-IR (C), and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (D) between groups. D + AT + HD Diabetic + Aerobic Training + High Dose of Vitamin D, D + AT + MD Diabetic + Aerobic Training + Moderate Dose of Vitamin D, HD Diabetic + High Dose of Vitamin D, MD Diabetic + Moderate Dose of Vitamin D, D + AT + oil Diabetic + Aerobic Training + Sesame Oil, D + C Diabetic + Sesame Oil, SHAM Non-Diabetic Control. The mean values followed by different letters (A, B, C, D, E, F, and G) mean significantly different at the 0.05 level (p < 0.05). The values followed by the same letter are not significantly different. Dissimilar letters represent a significant difference between the groups.