TABLE 3.
Olfaction and time interaction effects on clinical assessment trajectories: GEE analysis.
| Crude model | Adjusted model | |||||||
| Olfaction | Olfaction × Time | Olfaction | Olfaction × Time | |||||
| Crude | Crude | Adjusted | Adjusted | |||||
| B | p | B | p | B | p | B | P | |
| Age | 0.2 | 0.950 | 0.1 | 0.191 | ||||
| Duration | 28.7 | 0.035* | −0.4 | 0.644 | ||||
| LEDD | 326.4 | 0.006* | −16.5 | 0.785 | ||||
| UPSIT | −10.3 | <0.001* | 0.8 | 0.239 | −10.0 | <0.001* | 0.9 | 0.176 |
| MOCA | 0.6 | 0.651 | −1.8 | 0.013* | 1.3 | 0.297 | −1.8 | 0.012* |
| M-UPDRS | ||||||||
| Total | 15.3 | 0.056 | −1.5 | 0.659 | 10.9 | 0.179 | −1.9 | 0.602 |
| Part III | 7.9 | 0.080 | −1.0 | 0.603 | 7.7 | 0.080 | −1.3 | 0.517 |
| PDQ-39 | ||||||||
| SI | 1.9 | 0.735 | 0.0 | 0.998 | −2.0 | 0.707 | 0.0 | 0.985 |
| ADL | 3.7 | 0.615 | 0.9 | 0.771 | −2.4 | 0.755 | 1.2 | 0.722 |
| COG | 6.5 | 0.405 | −2.1 | 0.579 | 1.1 | 0.887 | −2.3 | 0.565 |
The olfaction effects were compared between anosmia and non-anosmia groups. Adjustments were made for age, sex, disease duration, and LEDD. Data indicates a faster cognitive decline in the anosmia group (olfaction × time effect on MoCA scores adjusted B = −1.8, p = 0.012). Anosmia: baseline UPSIT < 19; Non-anosmia: baseline UPSIT ≥ 19. ADL, activities of daily living; B, beta coefficient; COG, cognitions; GEE, generalized estimating equation; LEDD, levodopa equivalent daily dose; MoCA, Montreal cognitive assessment; M-UPDRS, Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; PDQ-39, Chinese-translated version of 39-item Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire; SI, summary index; UPSIT, traditional Chinese version of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test.
*p < 0.05.