Table 3.
Measures taken by countries in the management of L-C19.
| Country/Group of countries | Actions | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Austria | Long Covid Europe, new network of patients’ association through social media websites. | (210) |
| France | PET metabolic pattern recommendations to simplify the visual interpretation of neurological L-C19 signs in clinical routine. | (211) |
| Guidelines published by French National Authority for Health for L-C19 patients follow-up. | (210) | |
| Germany | Guidelines and recommendations by Robert Koch Institute, that advise the German Ministry of Health; C19 patients’ financial or in-kind support. Higher salary and extra remunerations for care workers; health care workers catering support from the Bavarian Minister for Health and Care and the Bavarian Minister of Finance. |
(212) |
| German PAC-19QoL, an instrument for establishing quality of life and daily clinical practices for patients with L-C19 syndrome. | (213) | |
| Post-C19 syndrome validated scoring system with benefits in preventing care medicine, clinical management of L-C19 disorders, and prioritization of healthcare services. | (214) | |
| Italy | Emphasize patient follow-up, specific clinical needs, and individualized care plans. | (215) |
| Address communication gaps between citizens’ needs and public government measures. | (216, 217) | |
| Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden |
Outpatients’ clinics for patients with L-C19 symptoms. Follow-up guidelines implemented by the National Board of Health and Welfare. |
(210) |
| Strengthening Nordic cooperation to manage all C19-related issues. | (218) | |
| Apply strategies developed for C-19 pandemic to support companies to reduce the risks of rising unemployment; benefits for families with children and at least one unemployed member of family; extra-funding for social assistants. | (219) | |
| National and regional guidelines, with regulations specific for every country. | (220–222) | |
| Spain | Clinical practice guidelines for L-C19 patients non-hospitalized in acute phase, whose follow-up and management are under hospital outpatient department or primary care centers’ responsibility. | (223) |
| Spanish EuroQol−5D−5L validated questionnaire applied as quality-of-life measurement instrument. | (224) | |
| Special follow-up for patients with previous lung diseases and tobacco consumption, as well and children and women. Access to active community resources: green spaces, local facilities, physical and cultural activities. |
(225) | |
| UK | Telemedicine and telerehabilitation with multidisciplinary approaches and trained teams. Multicenter for post hospitalization C19 (PHOSP-COVID), with personalized proactive approach and holistic critical care for long-term follow-up of L-C19 patients. Personalized L-C19 clinical programs based on previous hospitalization of C-19 patients, non-hospitalized patients with persistent symptoms, or existing diseases complicated by C-19. |
(226) |
| L-C19 patients self-management through home monitoring: symptom trackers assessment, pulse oximeters or thermometers. | (227) | |
| Budget allocation for local health boards to help L-C19 patients and for development of L-C19 clinics. | (204) | |
| Budget allocated to establish the epidemiology, symptomatology, phenotyping, risk factor and risk category, as well as novel treatments and strategies to manage L-C19; multidisciplinary team collaboration with patients for targeted therapeutic approaches development. | (228) | |
| USA | Investments in treatments and therapeutic approaches for targeted therapies. | (229) |
| RECOVER initiative of $1.15 billion nationwide research program; Office of Long COVID Research and Practice and launch Long COVID clinical trials. | (230) | |
| National clinical trials to develop treatments for L-C19, that include drugs, biologics, medical devices, and other therapies. | (231) |