Table 4.
Alternative therapeutical approaches to L-C19 sequelae.
| Alternative treatment | Results | References |
|---|---|---|
| Cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal fitness | After 8 weeks intervention (3 session per week), muscle strength increased from 16% to 33%, and peak aerobic exercise capacity increased by 15%. | (236) |
| 6-min walk distance exercises | During 6 weeks of testing, L-C19 patients presented increased pulmonary function, and improvements in dyspnea, fatigue, and quality of life. | (237) |
| Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists |
Cardiovascular and renal benefits, improved metabolic function. | (160) |
| Systemic corticosteroids | After 6-8 weeks treatment, fatigue decreased by 41%, breathlessness by 46%, and cough by77%. | (238) |
| Probiotics and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) | Restored gut microbiota and decreased GI disorders; improved mental health due to gut- brain axis modulation; SCFA maintained intact blood-brain barrier, downregulated microglial activation and reduced inflammation. | (239, 240) |
| L-Arginine and liposomal Vitamin C | 1.66 g of L-arginine and 500 mg liposomal Vitamin C for 28 days improved endothelial function, walking performance, reduced fatigue, and normalized pulmonary arterial hypertension. | (241) |
| High-dose intravenous vitamin C | 100-300 mg/kg body weight for 7 days improved oxygenation and reduced inflammation; ameliorated fatigue and associated symptoms such as sleep disorders, depression or pain. | (242) |
| Vitamins (B group, C, D, E) and minerals (magnesium, zinc, selenium) | Preventive effect on the development of autoimmunity, on alveolar damage, endothelial dysfunction, infection fervency reduction, balancing gut microbiota and coagulation. | (243) |
| Pan-caspase inhibition | Improved fatigue, dyspnea, cough, joint pain, anosmia, rheumatic fever. | (244) |
| Acupuncture | After 6 sessions, brain fog improved and joint pain reduced; blood stagnation reduced. | (245) |
| Rosemary Carnosic Acid | Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects (limiting IL-1 β production by inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation) | (246) |