Table 1.

Biomarker research of thyroid cancer.

Biomarkers	Notes	Diseases	Drugs	Functions	References
BRAF	V600E mutation	PTC	Vemurafenib, Dabrafenib	Activation of MAPK pathway	(40–42)
RAS	RAS mutation	FTC	Sotorasib	Cell growth and differentiation	(43–47)
TSHR	TSHR mutation	PTC, FTC	Protirelin	Activation of the receptor	(22, 48–52)
RET	RET/PTC rearrangement	PTC	Vandetanib Cabozantinib	Cell survival and differentiation	(10, 53–55)
PAX8/PPARγ	PAX8/PPARγ rearrangement	FTC	Pioglitazone	Lipid metabolism	(11, 56–58)
TERT	TERT promoter mutations	ATC	Under investigation	Cell division	(59–61)
miR-146b	Downregulation	PTC	Under investigation	Tumor characteristics	(63)
miR-221/222	Upregulation	PTC, ATC	Under investigation	Cell proliferation and survival	(64)
miR-21	Upregulation	PTC	Under investigation	Cell proliferation and migration	(62)
miR-29b	Downregulation	PTC, FTC	Under investigation	Modulation of ECM components	(62)
miR-96	Upregulation	PTC, FTC	Under investigation	Cell proliferation and migration	(62)
Thyroglobulin	Upregulation	PTC, FTC	Under investigation	thyroid hormone biosynthesis	(66–69)
Calcitonin	Upregulation	MTC	Under investigation	Calcium homeostasis	(70–74)
Galectin-3	Upregulation	PTC	Under investigation	Cell adhesion and apoptosis	(75–80)
CK19	Upregulation	PTC	Under investigation	Tumor development and progression	(81–87)
ctDNA	Upregulation	PTC, FTC	Under investigation	Detection of specific genetic alterations	(88–91)
PD-L1	Upregulation	PTC, FTC	Atezolizumab Durvalumab	Immunotherapy	(92–96)