Table 7.

Effects of MHT on individual cognitive tests.

	Standardized mean difference (95% confidence interval)	P-value	Heterogeneity p-value	Publication bias p-value
Entire dataset
MMSE	-0.603 (-2.313, 1.107)	0.350	0.005	NA
Paired associates, immediate	1.183 (-2.585, 4.951)	0.394	0.106	NA
Paired associates, delayed	-0.270 (-1.75, 1.210)	0.655	0.040	NA
CVLT, free recall	-1.242 (-3.075, 0.591)	0.087	<0.001	NA
CVLT, cued recall	-1.090 (-2.803, 0.623)	0.107	<0.001	NA
TMT-B	-0.034 (-0.041, -0.027)	0.010	1.343	NA
Digit span total	-0.919 (-2.763, 0.925)	0.212	<0.001	NA
Digit span forward	-0.302 (-1.28, 0.676)	0.484	<0.001	0.710
Digit span backward	0.039 (-0.77, 0.848)	0.907	<0.001	0.641
FAS	-1.507 (-3.418, 0.404)	0.067	<0.001	0.230
Excluding post-intervention studies
MMSE	-1.393 (-6.282, 3.495)	0.258	0.194	NA
Paired associates, immediate	1.183 (-2.585, 4.951)	0.394	0.106	NA
Paired associates, delayed	-0.270 (-1.750, 1.210)	0.655	0.040	NA
CVLT, free recall	-1.131 (-2.713, 0.452)	0.070	<0.001	NA
CVLT, cued recall	-0.397 (-2.981, 2.188)	0.602	<0.001	NA
TMT-B	-0.034 (-0.041, -0.027)	0.010	1.343	NA
Digit span total	-1.200 (-3.259, 0.858)	0.153	0.035	NA
Digit span forward	0.011 (-0.936, 0.959)	0.975	<0.001	0.727
Digit span backward	0.086 (-0.903, 1.075)	0.830	<0.001	0.642
FAS	-1.324 (-2.988, 0.341)	0.064	0.001	NA

Standardized mean difference (SMD) and associated 95% confidence interval, CI, are reported each cognitive test, along with corresponding P-values. Positive SMDs indicate an improvement in the treated group compared to the placebo group, whereas negative SMDs indicate the opposite effect. Results are reported for the entire dataset and after exclusion of post-intervention studies (50, 59), at p<0.05. Analyses with fewer than 10 studies are marked as not applicable (NA) for the publication bias p-values. CVLT, California Verbal Learning Test; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; TMT-B, Trail Making Test B.