Table 4.

Evidence-based practices and recommendations for developing competencies in public health.

Evidence-based practices and approaches (n = 96/120, 80%)	n (%) n/96 (100%)
Resources and governance needed	17 (18%)
Developing competency statements and frameworks*
Multi-step and consensus-building approaches best for developing competency statements	13 (14%)
Additional approaches to look at competencies to address complexity needed	9 (9%)
Validation instruments to measure competency development as a result of training needed	5 (5%)
Tension between the need for foundational competency statements and discipline- and/or expertise-specific statements	5 (5%)
Evaluation of the utility and impact of competency frameworks needed	4 (4%)
Refreshing competency frameworks required on a regular schedule	2 (2%)
Increased transparency in methods and reporting within competency development research needed	2 (2%)
Developing competencies within students and practitioners*
Experiential learning is useful for developing competencies	25 (26%)
Matching curriculum to competencies necessary	22 (23%)
Regular tiered (e.g., basic to advanced) training responsive to current public health needs are required to build competencies	11 (11%)
Mentorship between experienced and new public health practitioners or students reduces barriers, creates a professional network, and provides feedback	8 (8%)

*Multiple categories possible for each article, thus may not total 100%.