TABLE 1.
Drugs derived from natural resources used in the treatment of TNBC and hormonal-resistant HER-2 negative BC.
| Drug | Source | Current production method | Formula | Mechanism of action | Side effects | Indication - examples | Ref. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group | Name | Tradename | Kingdom | Species | ||||||
| Taxanes | Paclitaxel | Taxol | Plant (shrubs and trees) and fungi | Taxus brevifolia Nutt., Taxaceae (bark), endophytic fungi: Taxomyces andreanae Strobel, A. Stierle, D. Stierle & W.M. Hess 1993, Meruliaceae, Pestalotiopsis microspora, Pestalotiopsidaceae, Tubercularia sp., Nectriaceae, Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlpine) Aa 1973, Phyllostictaceae | Semi-synthesis | C47H51NO14 | Prevents microtubule depolymerization leading to cell cycle arrest | Allergic reaction | Breast cancer | Dogra and Kumar (2023) |
| Bone marrow suppression | Ovarian cancer | |||||||||
| Peripheral neurotoxicity | Esophageal and gastric cancer | |||||||||
| Liver toxicity | Pancreatic cancer | |||||||||
| Head and neck cancer | ||||||||||
| Lung cancer | ||||||||||
| nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel | Abraxane | Nanoform of paclitaxel Albumin bound paclitaxel | Neutropenia | Breast cancer | ||||||
| Peripheral neuropathy | Pancreatic cancer | |||||||||
| Arthralgia/myalgia | ||||||||||
| Gastrointestinal disorders | ||||||||||
| Docetaxel | Taxotere | Plant (shrubs and trees) | Taxus baccata L., Taxaceae | Chemical synthesis | C43H53NO14 | Alopecia | Breast cancer | |||
| Liver toxicity | Prostate cancer | |||||||||
| Bone marrow suppression | Lung cancer | |||||||||
| Peripheral neurotoxicity | Stomach cancer | |||||||||
| Fluid retention | ||||||||||
| Vinca alcaloids | Vinorelbine tartrate | Navelbine | Plant (flowering plant) | Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don, Apocynaceae | Semi-synthesis | C45H54N4O8 | Prevents microtubule polymerization | Bone marrow toxicity | Breast cancer | Dogra and Kumar (2023) |
| Peripheral sensory neuropathy | Lung cancer | |||||||||
| Alopecia | Lymphomas | |||||||||
| Gastrointestinal disorders | ||||||||||
| Camptothecin analogues | Irinotecan (CPT-11) | Camptosar | Plant (shrubs and trees) | Camptotheca acuminata Decne., Nyssaceae | Semi-synthesis | C33H38N4O6 | Topoisomerase I inhibitor | Gastrointestinal toxicity including diarrhoea | Colorectal cancer | Modi et al. (2020), Pullaiah and Raveendran (2020), Rugo et al. (2020) |
| Bone marrow suppression | Pancreatic cancer | |||||||||
| Gastric cancer | ||||||||||
| SN-38 | a Trodelvy | As above | Synthetic analogue of CPT1 | C22H20N2O5 | a Neutropenia | Breast cancer | ||||
| Diarrhea | ||||||||||
| Nausea and vomiting | Urothelial cancer | |||||||||
| Allergic reactions | ||||||||||
| Deruxtecan | **Enhertu | C52H56FN9O13 | **Lung interstitial disease/pneumonitis | Breast cancer | ||||||
| Neutropenia | Gastric cancer | |||||||||
| LVEF decrease | ||||||||||
| Anthracyclines | Doxorubicin hydrochloride | Adriamycin | Bacterium | Streptomyces peucetius ssp. caesius, Streptomycetaceae | Semi-synthesis | C27H29NO11 | Topoisomerase | Cardiac toxicity | Breast cancer | Aloss and Hamar (2023), Kciuk et al. (2023) |
| Bone marrow suppression | Leukemias | |||||||||
| Alopecia | Lymphomas | |||||||||
| Nausea and vomiting | Sarcomas | |||||||||
| Liposomal doxorubicin hudrochloride | Myocet | Liposomal form of doxorubicin | Liposomal doxorubicin | II inhibition | Bone marrow suppression | Breast cancer | ||||
| Mucositis | Ovarian cancer | |||||||||
| Cardiac toxicity | Kaposi’s sarcoma | |||||||||
| Epirubicin hydrochloride | Ellence | Bacterium | Streptomyces peucetius, Streptomycetaceae | Chemical semi-synthesis from daunorubicin | C27H29NO11 | Generation of free radicals | Bone marrow suppression | Breast cancer | ||
| Mucositis | Lymphomas | |||||||||
| Alopecia | Sarcomas | |||||||||
| Cardiac toxicity | ||||||||||
| Podophyllotoxin derivative | Etoposide | Vepesid | Plant (flowering plants) | Podophyllum peltatum L., Berberidaceae (root) | Semi-synthesis | C29H32O13 | Topoisomerase II inhibitor | Myelosuppression | Lung cancer | Dogra and Kumar (2023) |
| Nausea and vomiting | Testicular cancer | |||||||||
| Alopecia | Leukemias | |||||||||
| Secondary neoplasms | Lymphomas | |||||||||
| Neuroblastoma | ||||||||||
| Polyketides Epothilone derivative | Ixabepilone | Ixempra | Bacterium (Myco-bacterium) | Sorangium cellulosum, Polyangiaceae | Semi-synthesis | C27H42N2O5S | Prevents microtubule depolymerization leading to cell cycle arrest | Peripheral sensory neuropathy | Breast cancer | Ibrahim (2021) |
| Fatigue | ||||||||||
| Asthenia/myasthenia | ||||||||||
| Alopecia | ||||||||||
| Nausea and vomiting | ||||||||||
| Hand-foot syndrome | ||||||||||
| Myelosupression | ||||||||||
| Macrocyclic ketone analogue | Eribulin mesylate | Halaven | Animal (marine sponge) | Halichondria okadai Kadota, 1922, Halichondriidae | Synthetic analogue of halichondrin B | C41H63NO14S | Prevents microtubule polymerization | Bone marrow suppression | Breast cancer | Sekar et al. (2022) |
| Peripheral neuropathy | Liposarcoma | |||||||||
| Gastrointestinal toxicity | ||||||||||
| Mucositis | ||||||||||
a
data for sacituzumab govitecan-hziy, ** data for Fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki Abbreviations: 1CPT, camptothecin.
b
LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction.