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. 2024 Mar 4;12:1326453. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1326453

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Copyright © 2024 Norese, Nicosia, Cortese, Gentili, Rizzo, Rizzo, Grasselli, De Negri Atanasio, Gagliani, Tiso, Zinni, Pulliero and Izzotti.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Detail of high-resolution MIA collage (5 × 5) of 3D epi-intestinal tissue (MatTek) treated for 24 h with viral swab and visualized by TEM (frontal section). The tissue is well preserved. The intestinal cells show the characteristic “brush border” formed by microvilli on the apical surface. There are no ultrastructural characteristics compatible with an active infection. (B) Detail of untreated 3D epi-intestinal tissue (MatTek) (sample 1) visualized by TEM (frontal section, 80.000X). Detail of the “brush border” formed by microvilli on the apical surface with numerous vesicles in the extracellular space. These vesicles do not possess the viral morphological characteristics but can be classified as “extracellular vesicles.” Two invaginations of “clathrin-coated pits,” future endocytic vesicles that are forming, are visible on the cell surface. (C) High-resolution MIA collage (5 × 5) of untreated 3D epi-intestinal tissue visualized by TEM (frontal section). The numerous nuclei indicate the presence of an intact epithelium. Numerous mitochondria and the apical surface of the cells decorated with microvilli are observed.