Table 2. List of previous studies of drug fever.

Study	Definition of drug fever	Causative drug	Study period	Number of cases	Data
Foster 1963	(1) Fever followed the administration of the antibiotic in question, and disappeared soon after it was discontinued. (2) Fever was not accounted for other causes	Antibiotics	1952–1963	25	Chart review
Young 1982	(1) temperatures were taken and recorded at least four times each day during the febrile period and after its resolution; (2) no infection or other cause of fever was detected from results of physical examination, appropriate cultures, and other studies (x rays, scans, etc.); (3) there was no underlying condition that might itself have caused a febrile state; (4) fever coincided temporally with the administration of the offending drug; (5) fever disappeared promptly, within <96 hr and usually <48 hr after discontinuation of the drug without other therapeutic measures; and (6) the temperature remained normal thereafter for at least three and usually more than five days.	Various drugs	1975–1980	12	Chart review
LeRoy 1986	A temperature greater than or equal to 100.4°F for which there was no cause other than administration of the drug, which disappeared within 48 hours of discontinuing the drug, and which did not return for at least 72 hours	Various drugs	1984–1985	36	Chart review
Mackowiak 1987	Fever coinciding the administration of a drug and disappearing after discontinuation of the drug when no other cause for the fever could be ascertained after a careful physical examination and appropriate laboratory study	Various drugs	Chart review; 1959–1986 Case report review: 1966–1986	148	Chart review and case report review
Mikasa 1989	Fever without other systemic symptoms followed the administration of the antibiotic and lasted for 2 days or more, and disappeared soon after it was discontinued.	Antibiotics	Jan 1986–Dec 1986	22	Chart review
Oizumi 1989	(1) A fever of 37.5°C or above which lasted for more than two days during treatment with an antibiotic ; (2) The fever was associated neither with other clinical manifestations nor with laboratory findings suggestive of an infectious exacerbation ; (3) The fever could not be ascribed to any other measures that were instituted for the management of infections ; and (4) The fever subsided immediately after cessation of a suspected antibiotic (“dechallange”).	Antibiotics	Not reported	56	Chart review
Kuwabara 1990	Fever without skin manifestation followed the administration of the antibiotic and disappeared soon after it was discontinued.Fever was not accounted for other causes	Antibiotics	1983–1988	8	Chart review
Vodovar 2012	(1) an oral or rectal body temperature above 38°C; (2) the absence of other causes of fever as determined by physical examination and appropriate biological and microbiological tests (i.e. absence of any infection); (3) the absence of any underlying condition causing fever by itself; (4) the absence of skin reactions; (5) the coincidence of fever onset with drug administration; (6) disappearance of the fever within 72 h following drug discontinuation without any other intervention; (7) no recurrence of fever within at least 72 h after normalization of temperature; and 8)- exclusion of other differential diagnoses for hyperthermia including antipsychotic malignant syndrome, serum sickness-like reactions, serotonin syndrome, and malignant hyperthermia.	Various drugs	1986–2007	167	French national pharmacovigilance database
Fang 2016	body temperature reduced rapidly after taking suspected drugs was stopped and rose when the same drug was used again. Otherwise, it is considered as drug fever when the patients suffered from allergic reaction (with or without rashes) in combination with any one of the following conditions: (1) for patients with infectious fever, the body temperature reduced when antibiotics were used but rose again in continue medication; (2) after the treatment of antibiotics, body temperature became higher and cannot be explained by original infection and other reasons for the other normal conditions; and (3) patients with non-febrile illnesses suffered from fever after dosing that cannot be explained by secondary infections	Antituberculous drugs	Apr 2006–Mar 2013	94	Chart review
Ogawara 2016	Not reported	Anti- neoplastic drugs	Apr 2004–Mar 2007, or Apr 2007–Dec 2008.	88	Chart review
Yaita 2016	was defined by clinical characteristics that met all of the following criteria: (1) an axial temperature above 37.5°C (in Japan, an oral or rectal temperature is generally not measured); (2) no other origin of fever can be detected by detailed ID consultation (including appropriate imaging tests and microbiological tests); (3) any underlying febrile illness, the improvement of which can be confirmed by the ID physician; and (4) after the discontinuation of drugs, the fever is alleviated.	Antibiotics	Apr 2014–May 2015	16	Chart review
Peng 2017	Unexplained fever due to other reasons, recurrence of fever after re-medication	Antibiotics	Feb 2011–Feb 2014	20	Chart review
Labbus 2018	If all of the following criteria were fulfilled: (1) central (ear) body temperature >38.0°C measured on two occasions; (2) intravenous antibiotic treatment for > 3 days; (3) exclusion of infectious or other non-infectious causes of fever; and (4) defervescence after discontinuation of antibiotic treatment.	Antibiotics	2014–2017	11	Chart review
Zhang 2021	Hypersensitivity was classified according to the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v3.0	Carboplatin	Jan 2017–Dec 2018	27	Chart review
Zhang 2022	Fever had been caused by the medication if it cleared rapidly after the suspected drug was discontinued	Furazolidone	Jul 2018–Sep 2018.	45	Chart review