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. 2024 Mar 4;12:1321173. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1321173

Table 2.

Association between sociodemographic and vaccine-related factors and COVID-19 vaccine receipt.

No % Yes, reported COVID-19 vaccine % aOR (95% CI)*
Age
18–34 15.5 9.7 1.0 (referent)
35–49 61.8 58.5 1.4 (0.9–2.2)
50–65 22.7 31.8 1.9 (1.2–3.2)
p-value for trend 0.03*
Gender
Women 62.8 66.3 1.0 (referent)
Men 37.2 33.7 0.9 (0.6–1.2)
Race/ethnicity
White 68.4 62.1 1.0 (referent)
Black 22.6 32.9 2.0 (1.3–2.8)
All other groups 9.0 5.0 0.6 (0.3–1.0)
Annual household income
<$40,000 25.7 15.7 1.0 (referent)
$40,000 to $79,999 27.6 25.1 1.6 (1.1–2.4)
$80,000+ 41.8 54.4 2.7 (1.8–4.0)
Refused 4.9 4.8 1.8 (0.8–4.1)
p-value for trend <0.0001****
Source
Adult survey 36.3 44.8 1.0 (referent)
Parent Nashville survey 19.4 22.0 0.9 (0.6–1.4)
Parent statewide survey 44.3 33.2 0.6 (0.4–0.9)
Education
High school or lower 20.2 11.7 1.0 (referent)
Some college 38.1 25.5 1.1 (0.7–1.8)
College or above 41.7 62.8 2.3 (1.5–3.6)
p-value for trend <0.0001*
Employment status
Full-time 65.0 74.5 1.0 (referent)
Part-time/unemployed 22.2 12.9 0.5 (0.4–0.8)
Retired, student, disabled 12.8 12.6 0.9 (0.5–1.5)
Health insurance status
No 10.1 3.6 1.0 (referent)
Yes 89.9 96.4 2.2 (1.2–4.1)
Without health insurance in past year
No 83.1 91.8 1.0 (referent)
Yes 16.9 8.2 0.5 (0.3–0.8)
Relationship status
Single 16.7 17.8 1.0 (referent)
Married 63.4 68.3 0.9 (0.5–1.4)
Divorced, separated, widowed 19.9 13.9 0.6 (0.3–1.0)
Living arrangement
Lives alone 6.5 8.9 1.0 (referent)
Lives with spouse only 6.2 10.8 1.3 (0.5–2.9)
Lives with spouse and child(ren) 57.6 56.4 0.7 (0.3–1.4)
Lives with child(ren) only 20.2 15.2 0.6 (0.3–1.2)
Lives with others 9.5 8.7 0.8 (0.4–1.7)
Importance of religion
Not at all 9.5 13.2 1.0 (referent)
Slightly 4.3 18.1 1.3 (0.6–2.7)
Moderately 16.1 14.1 0.6 (0.3–1.1)
Very 24.9 28.2 0.8 (0.5–1.4)
Extremely 45.2 36.4 0.5 (0.3–0.9)
p-value for trend 0.008**
Overall vaccine effectiveness
Not at all/A little 24.1 2.5 1.0 (referent)
Somewhat 47.5 20.7 2.7 (1.5–4.8)
Very 28.4 76.8 18.0 (10.1–31.9)
p-value for trend <0.0001****
Overall vaccine trust
Not at all/A little 37.6 2.0 1.0 (referent)
Somewhat 25.5 11.9 6.7 (3.7–12.2)
Mostly 33.0 51.3 23.6 (13.3–42.0)
Completely 3.9 34.8 151.2 (66.2–345.2)
p-value for trend <0.0001****
Overall vaccine hesitancy
Not at all 13.4 61.5 1.0 (referent)
A little 25.1 20.5 0.2 (0.1–0.3)
Somewhat 26.7 14.5 0.1 (0.07–0.2)
Very 34.8 3.5 0.02 (0.01–0.04)
p-value for trend <0.0001****
Information about vaccines
Primary care providers 65.9 74.6 1.0 (referent)
CDC/State health departments 8.0 12.6 1.3 (0.8–2.3)
News sources (e.g., television, Internet, and radio) and online publishers of medical information (e.g., WebMD or Mayo Clinic) 11.4 6.5 0.5 (0.3–0.8)
Other 14.7 6.3 0.3 (0.2–0.5)
Preferred place to get vaccine
Doctor’s office 75.4 66.3 1.0 (referent)
Health Department 5.9 7.2 1.4 (0.8–2.7)
Hospital 6.6 4.5 1.0 (0.5–2.0)
Free standing retail pharmacy 3.1 8.1 4.2 (1.8–10.0)
In-store pharmacy 2.1 6.2 3.1 (1.2–7.9)
Other (including workplace) 6.9 7.7 1.5 (0.8–2.7)

*Odds ratios adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, annual household income, and source.

Significant odds ratios are bolded. *p ≤ 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.001; ****p ≤ 0.0001.