Table 1. Characteristics of the studies included in the review.
Occurrence of all CV events referred to at least one event of CV death, myocardial infarction, hospitalisation for unstable angina or HF, cerebrovascular accident, or emergency revascularisation.
ACS: acute coronary syndrome, AMI: acute myocardial infarction, CABG/AV: coronary artery bypass graft surgery/atrioventricular, CAD: coronary artery disease, CT: computed tomography, CVD: cardiovascular diseases, CHD: congestive heart disease, HF: heart failure, MI: myocardial infarction, PAD: peripheral artery disease, PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention
| Study/Type | Country | Setting | Patient Characteristics | Main Diagnosis | Main outcome measure | Duration | Sample Size | M:W | ||
| Cohort | ||||||||||
| Clerc Liaudat et al., 2018 [33] | Switzerland | Primary care practice or ambulatory care clinic | >16 years attending with a complaint of chest pain (mean age of 55.2 years) | CVD, chest pain in ambulatory care | Referral to cardiologist at 12 months follow up | 5 months | 672 | 47.6:52.4 | ||
| Leening et al., 2014 [34] | Netherlands | Part of the Rotterdam Study, a population-based study to determine the occurrence and determinants of age-related diseases in the general population | Community in Rotterdam aged ≥55 and free from CVD at baseline | CHD | First diagnosis of CHD, cerebrovascular disease, HF, cardiovascular disease, or death from non-cardiovascular causes. | 3 years | 8419 | 39.1:60.9 | ||
| Leifheit-Limson et al., 2015 [35] | US and Spain | VIRGO (Variation in Recovery: Role of Gender on Outcomes of Young AMI Patients) study in US and Spanish hospitals | 18 to 55 years old with AMI with a median age of 48 years | Acute MI | Prevalence of five cardiac risk factors | 3 years and 5 months | 3501 | 33:67 | ||
| Mariani et al., 2013 [36] | Argentina | Epi-Cardio registry, Intensive Cardiovascular Care Units of Argentina (54 centres) | Patients diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome | ACS | Care in acute coronary syndrome | 7 years | 8997 | 72.4:28.6 | ||
| Millett et al., 2018 [37] | UK | UK Biobank where participants attended one of 22 centres | Participants between 40 and 69 with a mean age of 56.2 years old | MI | Incidence of fatal or non-fatal MI | 4 years | 471,998 | 44:56 | ||
| Mokhles et al., 2018 [38] | Netherlands | The national database of The Netherlands Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery | All patients >18 who underwent AV, or a combined CABG/AV surgery (mean age of females was 71 years and those of males 66 years) | CAD | Patient and procedural characteristics and early mortality after aortic valve and combined aortic valve/coronary | 3 years and 11 months | 14,584 | 60.5:39.5 | ||
| Norgaard et al., 2015 [39] | Denmark | Data was obtained from the Western Denmark Heart Registry | Data from the Western Denmark Heart Registry, a clinical database within a population-based healthcare system regarding patients with chest discomfort and/or dyspnoea and low to intermediate pretest probability of CAD admitted for their first coronary CT angiography mean age around 60 years old | CAD | Coronary artery calcium score, coronary revascularisation | 3 years | 3541 | 46:54 | ||
| Peters et al., 2018 [40] | United States | Data from Market Scan and Medicare databases (health insurance) | U.S. adults <65 years of age with commercial health insurance in the Market Scan database and U.S. adults ≥66 years of age with government health insurance through Medicare, who filled a statin prescription in the last 30 days after discharge with MI | MI | Prescription of high-intensity statins following MI | 1 year and 6 months | 88,256 | 44:56 | ||
| Virani et al., 2015 [41] | United States | Veterans’ Health, primary care clinics (130 facilities) | Adult patients with CVD (CHD, PAD, and ischemic stroke) with a mean age between 66-71 years old | CHD, PAD, and ischemic stroke | Prescription of statin or non-statin lipid-lowering agent (bile acid-binding resin, niacin, and ezetimibe) | 11 months | 972,532 | 98.6:1.4 | ||
| Worrall-Carter et al., 2016 [42] | Australia | Database maintained by Victorian state government that included data in Victorian hospitals, rehabilitation centres, extended care facilities and day procedure centres | All patients admitted to Victorian hospitals with a first-time diagnosis of ACS | ACS | Epidemiology, treatment, and outcomes of patients admitted with a primary diagnosis of ACS | 2 years and 1 month | 28,985 | 64:36 | ||
| Zhao et al., 2017 [43] | Asia, Europe, and the Middle East | Outpatient cardiology clinics in 11 countries across three regions: Europe (Belgium, Croatia, Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Northern Ireland, Romania, and Russia); Asia (Taiwan and China); and the Middle East (Saudi Arabia). | Patients aged ≥18 years with established CHD (defined as a history of CABG, PCI, ACS, or stable angina) with a mean age of around 65 years old | CHD | Risk factors in patients with CHD | 1 year | 10,112 | 71:29 | ||
| Median and interquartile range | 4 | 10,112 | 47.6:52.4 (IQR, 44:56-32.5:67.5) | |||||||
| Case-Control | ||||||||||
| Daly et al., 2006 [44] | Europe | The Euro Heart Survey of Stable Angina | All patients with a clinical diagnosis of stable angina considered mean age 61 years old | Stable angina | Occurrence of death or myocardial infarction and the occurrence of all CV events* | 1 year | 3779 | 58:42 | ||
| Hyun et al., 2017 [45] | Australia | 60 Australian primary healthcare services | Adult patients above 35 years old | CHD, Ischaemic stroke or peripheral vascular disease. | CVD risk factors and recommended medications | 9 months | 13,294 | 53:47 | ||
| Kislitsina et al., 2019 [46] | United States (Chicago) | Cardiovascular Research Database of the Clinical Trial Unit of the Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute at Northwestern Memorial Hospital | All patients who underwent mitral valve surgery mean age of 61.9 years | Mitral Valve Disease | Characterisation of post-operative hospitalisation event and analysis of early and late complications | 13 years and 3 months | 1436 | 58.2:41.8 | ||
| Lee et al., 2019 [47] | Australia | General practice dataset in Australia (known as MedicineInsight) from 438 sites across Australia | ≥18 years with a history of CHD who were considered active patients (≥ 3 encounters in MedicineInsight database over 2 years) | CHD | Recommended medication, cardiovascular risk factors, achieve treatment targets | 4 years | 130,926 | 52.3:46.7 | ||
| Median and Interquartile range | 4 | 8536.5 | 55.5:44.5 (IQR,53:47-41.95:58.05) | |||||||
| Case Series | ||||||||||
| Conti et al., 2002 [48] | Sao Paulo, Brazil | Instituto do Coração of the Hospital das Clínicas of the Medical School of the University of São Paulo | 25- to 45-year-old patients with the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (mean age 41 years old) | Acute MI | Differences in risk factors and treatment between males and females with acute MI | 3 years and 7 months | 236 | 77:23 | ||
| Cross-Sectional | ||||||||||
| Murga-Eizagaetxebarría et al., 2019 [49] | Spain | OFRECE study: primary care setting in Spain (425 consultation rooms in 46 provinces in Spain) | Spanish population aged 40 years and older that consulted for chest pains and/or palpitations | Chest pain and palpitation | Clinical management of patients with symptoms of chest pain and/or palpitations | - | 1132 | 32:68 | ||
| Rachamin et al., 2021 [51] | Switzerland | FIRE study: FIRE database that collected data from electronic medical records of > 500 general practices in Switzerland. | 40- to 79-year-old patients with at least two consultations (one before 2017 and one during 2018). | CVDs | LDL-cholesterol, blood pressure and HBA1c | - | 59,092 | 48.1:51.9 | ||
| Xia et al., 2020 [50] | China | Door to door surveys in community in seven geographical regions in China (Northeast, North, Northwest, East, Central, South, and Southwest China). (4000 residents in 39 communities) | Adults ≥45 years old who have been living in their area for more than 6 months whether urban or rural of median age in the range of 59 – 62 years old | CVDs | CVD risk factors | 2 years and six months | 47,841 | 38.7: 61.3 | ||