Table 4.
Therapeutic applications under investigation for mRNA encapsulated EVs.
| Indication | Nanoparticle | Cell Source | mRNA cargo | Loading Method | Significance | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer | Breast (HER2+) |
Extracellular Vesicles | HEK293 | HChrR6 | Transfection | Demonstrated EV-mediated delivery of functional exogenous mRNA to tumors. | 116 |
| Breast (HER2+) |
Extracellular Vesicles | HEK293 | HChrR6 | Transfection | Loaded EVs with in vitro transcribed mRNA to avoid the use of plasmids. | 119 | |
| Breast (HER2+) |
Extracellular Vesicles | HEK293 | GSDMD-N | Transfection | Induced pyroptosis in cancer cells through EV-targeted mRNA delivery. | 121 | |
| Colon, Melanoma | Outer MembraneVesicles | E. coli | EGFP, OVA, or ADPGK | Transformation | Built an OMV-based mRNA delivery platform to elicit antitumor immunity. | 123 | |
| Glioma | Exosomes | MSCs | yCD::UPRT | Transduction | Demonstrated tumor cell internalization of exosomes with mRNA for a suicide gene. | 117 | |
| Glioma | Exosomes | MEFs, DCs | PTEN | Transfection | Restored tumor-suppressor function utilizing mRNA-containing exosomes. | 122 | |
| Glioma | Small Extracellular Vesicles | MEFs, HEK293T | IFN-γ | Transfection | Induced antitumor activities utilizing immunogenic sEVs. | 148 | |
| Pancreatic | Extracellular Vesicles | MEFs, MSCs | TP53 | Transfection | Suppressed tumor growth and increased survival with mRNA loaded EVs. | 149 | |
| CardiovascularDisease | Atherosclerosis (Inflammation) | Exosomes | HEK293T | IL-10 | Transfection | Controlled inflammation through exosome-based delivery of functional mRNA. | 130 |
| Cerebral ischemia | Exosomes | HEK293 | NGF | Transfection | Delivered mRNA loaded exosomes with therapeutic effects to infarcted regions. | 136 | |
| Hypercholesterolemia (familial) | Exosomes | AML12 | Ldlr | Transfection | Restore LDL receptor expression through exosome-based mRNA delivery. | 133 | |
| Hypercholesterolemia | Extracellular Vesicles | HEK293T | Ldlr | Transfection | Proposed strategy to improve loading and release of therapeutic mRNA in EVs. | 134 | |
| Infectious disease | COVID-19 | Extracellular Vesicles | LSCs | GFP | Electroporation | Enhanced pulmonary bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy with lung derived EVs. | 115 |
| COVID-19 | Extracellular Vesicles | LSCs | SARS-CoV-2 spike protein | Electroporation | Demonstrated EV-based inhaled mRNA drug-delivery system superior to LNPs. | 125 | |
| HIV-1 | Exosomes | HEK293T | ZPAMt | Transfection | Epigenetically repressed HIV-1 infection through exosome-mediated mRNA delivery. | 127 | |
| NeurologicalConditions | Parkinson's disease |
Exosomes | HEK293T | Catalase | Transfection | Reduced neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation through exosome-based mRNA delivery. | 118 |
| Other | Inflammatory bowel disease |
Extracellular Vesicles | HEK293T | GFP, PGC1α, or IL-10 | Transfection | Proposed strategy to improve loading of therapeutic mRNA in EVs for gene therapy. | 154 |
| Obesity | Exosomes | HEK293T | Luciferase or PGC1α | Transfection | Enhanced efficacy and minimized off-target effects with exosome-based mRNA delivery. | 155 | |
| Obesity | Exosomes | HEK293T | Bmp7 | Transfection | Induced white adipose tissue browning though exosome-mediated mRNA delivery. | 156 | |
| Photoaged skin | Extracellular Vesicles | nHDFs | COL1A1 | Transfection | Achieved EV-mediated intradermal mRNA delivery for protein-replacement therapy. | 143 | |