Table 3.
Heterogeneous Impacts of Dust on Mortality.
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infant mortality × 1,000 | Child mortality × 1,000 | |||
| Birth order | ||||
| Dust × not first born | −12.812*** | −12.888*** | −12.287** | −12.445** |
| (4.325) | (4.326) | (5.001) | (5.004) | |
| Dust L0 through L8 | 8.231*** | 8.928*** | 14.267*** | 14.784*** |
| (2.302) | (2.326) | (2.687) | (2.746) | |
| Observations | 581,487 | 581,487 | 581,487 | 581,487 |
| Mean of dependent variable | 111.34 | 111.33 | 170.70 | 170.70 |
| Female | ||||
| Dust × female | 0.435 | 0.436 | 1.654** | 1.659** |
| (0.600) | (0.600) | (0.748) | (0.749) | |
| Dust L0 through L8 | 6.232*** | 6.953*** | 12.298*** | 12.850*** |
| (2.218) | (2.250) | (2.690) | (2.772) | |
| Observations | 581,487 | 581,487 | 581,487 | 581,487 |
| Mean of dependent variable | 111.34 | 111.33 | 170.70 | 170.70 |
| Mother’s age | ||||
| Dust × mother’s age | −0.196*** | −0.195*** | −0.217*** | −0.213*** |
| (0.061) | (0.061) | (0.072) | (0.072) | |
| Dust L0 through L8 | 11.135*** | 11.821*** | 18.311*** | 18.765*** |
| (2.619) | (2.623) | (3.110) | (3.142) | |
| Observations | 581,487 | 581,487 | 581,487 | 581,487 |
| Mean of dependent variable | 111.34 | 111.33 | 170.70 | 170.70 |
| Mother’s education level | ||||
| Dust × mother’s education level | 0.033 | 0.027 | −0.110 | −0.118 |
| (0.124) | (0.124) | (0.152) | (0.152) | |
| Dust L0 through L8 | 6.428*** | 7.151*** | 13.190*** | 13.756*** |
| (2.159) | (2.196) | (2.586) | (2.664) | |
| Observations | 581,487 | 581,487 | 581,487 | 581,487 |
| Mean of dependent variable | 111.34 | 111.33 | 170.70 | 170.70 |
| Dust exposure of first child | ||||
| Dust × dust experienced by 1st child | −0.160 | −0.130 | −0.498 | −0.476 |
| (0.453) | (0.457) | (0.589) | (0.593) | |
| Dust L0 through L8 | 8.983** | 8.800** | 18.957*** | 17.936*** |
| (4.266) | (4.265) | (5.797) | (5.777) | |
| Observations | 239,521 | 239,521 | 239,521 | 239,521 |
| Mean of dependent variable | 111.34 | 111.33 | 170.70 | 170.70 |
| Wealth | ||||
| Dust × wealth | −0.752 | −0.796 | −3.088*** | −3.160*** |
| (0.702) | (0.695) | (0.886) | (0.876) | |
| Dust L0 through L8 | 8.699*** | 9.297*** | 13.997*** | 14.215*** |
| (2.458) | (2.511) | (2.922) | (3.076) | |
| Observations | 372,788 | 372,788 | 372,788 | 372,788 |
| Rural area | ||||
| Dust × rural | 2.870** | 2.997** | 2.571* | 2.723* |
| (1.358) | (1.352) | (1.452) | (1.436) | |
| Dust L0 through L8 | 4.112 | 4.748* | 11.026*** | 11.472*** |
| (2.527) | (2.553) | (2.938) | (2.993) | |
| Observations | 581,487 | 581,487 | 581,487 | 581,487 |
| Mean of dependent variable | 109.51 | 109.50 | 168.48 | 168.48 |
| Country × month-of-birth × year-of-birth FEs | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| DHS cluster × month-of-birth FEs | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Demographic controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Weather controls | No | Yes | No | Yes |
Notes: ***Significant at 1%. **Significant at 5%. *Significant at 10%. SEs clustered by dust point are reported in parentheses, unless otherwise indicated. All regressions are OLS. Weather controls are rainfall, temperature, rainfall and temperature interacted, rainfall and temperature squared. Additional controls are birth order, female, multiple, mother’s age, mother’s age squared, mother’s years of education and mother’s religion, unless otherwise indicated.